Figure 2.

GBEVs mediate cross-talk between gut bacteria. (a) GBEVs can protect strains sensitive to antibiotics/HDPs. Treatment with antibiotics or HDPs disrupts the normal intestinal microbiota, leading to a reduction in both the diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria, resulting in dysbiosis. GBEVs, through direct antibiotic adsorption⁴¹ and intra- and interspecies delivery of β-lactamase⁴⁰ or antibiotic resistance gene⁴² can partially recovery. (b) PQS-GBEVs are involved in the developmental cycle of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.⁴³ PQS can promote the secretion of GBEVs in P. aeruginosa.⁵⁴ Moreover, PQS can coordinate population behavior through intra-species communication via GBEVs.⁴⁵ GBEVs: gut bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles; PQS, Pseudomonas quinolone signal; PQS-GBEVs: PQS containing GBEVs.