Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study population—Israeli cohort.
| Characteristic, mean (SD) or counts % | Vaginal (n = 200,879) (84.3%) | Cesarean (n = 37,280) (15.7%) | All (n = 238,159) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal characteristics | |||
| Sex—(Male) | 102,717 (51.13%) | 20,264 (54.36%) | 122,981 (51.64%) |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3,291 (391) | 3,306 (460) | 3,293 (403) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.32 (1.14) | 38.74 (1.24) | 39.23 (1.18) |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 29.78 (5.34) | 32.11 (5.44) | 30.14 (5.42) |
| Maternal weight pre-pregnancy (Kg) | 62.37 (12.78) | 66.92 (15.51) | 63.12 (13.38) |
| Maternal height (meters) | 1.62 (0.06) | 1.61 (0.07) | 1.62 (0.06) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 2,461 (1.23%) | 941 (2.52%) | 3,402 (1.43%) |
| Chronic Hypertension | 1,642 (0.82%) | 814 (2.18%) | 2,456 (1.03%) |
| Gravidity | 0.77 (0.81) | 0.53 (0.65) | 0.73 (0.79) |
| Previous cesarean deliveries | 6,604 (3.29%)) | 11,514 (30.89%) | 18,118 (7.61%) |
| Sister’s cesarean deliveries, percent* | 12.25 (27.98) | 18.7 (34.38) | 13.06 (28.95) |
| Pregnancy characteristics | |||
| Gestational Diabetes | 9,439 (4.7%) | 3,588 (9.62%) | 13,027 (5.47%) |
| Gestational Hypertension | 1,867 (0.93%) | 607 (1.63%) | 2,474 (1.04%) |
| Gestational weight gain z-score | -0.51 (2.42) | -0.31 (2.56) | -0.47 (2.45) |
Gestational weight gain z-score was calculated according to Hutcheon et al. [65].
*Sister’s CD percent was calculated as the percentage of CDs over all sister’s pregnancies which ended prior to the relevant participant’s date of birth.