Table 7.
Important candidate genes related to the fat metabolism or mammary gland development.
| Gene name | Location (BTA:Start–End, Mb) | Full name | Gene function |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPAT3 | 6:98.29–98.36 | Glycerol−3–phosphate acyltransferase 3 | Highly expressed in the adipose tissue with an important role in adipogenesis (50). Can be regulated by folic acid for controlling lactation and metabolic function of the dairy cows (51). Involved in fat and lipid metabolism in the Yunling cattle (52). |
| ARNTL2 | 5:82.47–82.55 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like 2 | Influencing Mexican–Mestizo childhood obesity (53). |
| EHHADH | 1:81.88–81.93 | Enoyl–CoA hyd ratase and 3–hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase | Involved in fatty acid oxidation is essential for producing medium–chain dicarboxylic acids (54). Impact on the characteristics of milk fatty acid traits in Chinese Holstein (55). A pivotal gene in the fat–related pathway (56). |
| CEBPB | 13:78.20–78.21 | CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta | Involved in regulating the expression of fatty acid synthase in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells and milk fat synthesis (57). |
| DNAJB9 | 4:59.58–59.59 | DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B9 | The prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer (58). Correlated with the abdominal fat weight (59). |
| ZNF496 | 7:40.57–40.61 | Zinc finger protein 496 | Associated with milk fat and fertility (60). |
| AGO2 | 14:3.06–3.14 | Argonaute RISC catalytic component 2 | Related to mitochondrial oxidation and obesity–associated pathophysiology (61). |
| GALNT18 | 15:41.06–41.42 | Polypeptide N–acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 18 | Associated with milk protein and fat traits (62). |
| NEGR1 | 3:72.81–73.84 | Neuronal growth regulator 1 | Associated with obesity and BMI (body mass index) (63–65). |
| SLC37A1 | 1:142.81–142.87 | Solute carrier family 37 member 1 | Over–expressed in the bovine mammary tissue (66). Increases milk yield, decreases phosphorus concentration (66). |
| FNDC3B | 1:95.12–95.41 | Fibronectin type III domain containing 3B | Biomarker for the bovine mammary stem/progenitor cells, and Essential for the growth and maintenance of the mammary epithelium (67). |
U, Upstream; D, Downstream.