Table 2.

Characteristics of Chemical Constituents Isolated from SGB

Classes	Chemical Constituents	Biological Activities	References
Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides	Astilbin, Taxifolin, Neoastilbin, Isoastilbin, Engeletin, Isoengeletin, Taxifolin, Astilbin, Neoastilbin, Isoastilbin, Engeletin, Isoengeletin, Naringenin, Epicatechin	Anti-infective, antibacterial, and antiviral	[11,14,35–62]
Phenolic and phenolic acids	Syringic acid, Eurryphin, Kelampayoside A, Osmanthuside F	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial	[9,10]
Phenylpropanoids and lignans	Smiglaside A, Smiglaside B, Smiglaside C, Smiglaside D, Smiglaside E, Helonioside A	Anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory	[13,14,94–96]
Stilbene and organic acids	Resveratrol, Resveratrol-3-O-β-D-pyranoglucoside, Succinic acid, Palmitic acid, Ferulic Acid, Shikimic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, 2-Methylsuccinic acid, Oxalic acid	Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic, antioxidant	[63–93]
Steroids and steroid glycosides	Stigmasterol, Beta-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-gulofuranoside, Sitosterol-3-O-β-D-gulofuranoside	Lower cholesterol, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory	[97–99]
Volatile oils	N-nonane, 8,11-Methyl octadecadienoate, α-Cedarwood oil, L-Aromatic alcohols, I-Terpineol	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral	[15,100]
Others	Heterodimeric, Non-mannose-binding agglutinin, Mannose-binding lectin	Support body metabolism, immunity of antibodies, and catalysis of enzymes	[101]