Fig. 7.

Outcome activations after a) object-first and b) label-first training on dog-rabbit example 1 (see Section “?? ??”). When objects precede labels in training (a), dogs (here shown: small, barking dogs), can be discriminated optimally: the activation of the label “dog” given a dog exemplar approaches 1 and the activation of the label “rabbit” approaches 0. However, when labels precede objects (b), optimally discriminative activations cannot be reached: given the label “dog”, dogs with most frequent features (small and tail-wagging) are expected more than dogs with less frequent features (barking and big); crucially, also rabbits are expected to a certain extent after hearing the label “dog”