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. 2022 May 19;478(1-2):349–370. doi: 10.1007/s11104-022-05427-z

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of experimental setups dedicated to measuring whole root water transport properties. A: pressure chamber, B: High Pressure Flow Meter (soil texture designed by brgfx / Freepik), C: exudation, D: root pressure probe (

adapted from Bramley et al. 2007). A-C: The motive force is presented bold purple, the measured flow in purple. Flow can be measured in various ways such as a graduated capillary, a balance, or a flowmeter