Table 3.

Cytotoxicity of extracts derived from Indian spices (in-vitro).

S. No.	Botanical Name	Family	Common Name	Plant part	Active compound/extract	Cancer type	Cell line	Mechanism of action	Ref (s).
1.	Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.	Zingiberaceae	Ginger	Rhizome	Zerumbone	Colorectal cancer	SW480 cell line	Induced programmed cell death (PCD), cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell migration	Sithara et al. (2018)
2.	Curcuma caesia Roxb.	Zingiberaceae	Black turmeric	Rhizome	Hexane	liver Adenocarcinoma	HepG2 cell lines	Blockage of cell cycle at G2/M phase and finally induced PCD	Mukunthan et al. (2017)
3.	Curcuma aromatica Salisb.	Zingiberaceae	Wild turmeric	Rhizome EO	Ar-tumerone	Breast cancer	MCF7 cells	Inhibition of cancerous cell	Parida et al. (2020)
4.	Curcuma longa L.	Zingiberaceae	Turmeric	Rhizome	Curcumin	Pancreatic cancer	L3.6 pl and MIA PaCa-2 cells	DNA synthesis phase arrest, inhibit surviving expression, Increased PCD and halted nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation	Basha et al. (2016)
							Patu8988 and Panc-1	Down regulation of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein-4 (NEDD-4) (oncoprotein)	Su et al. (2017)
							Patu8988 and Panc-1 cells	Inhibition of cell growth, invasion, migration and induction of PCD	Zhou et al. (2016)
						Bladder cancer stem cells	UM-UC-3 and EJ cells	Down regulation of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, inhibited sonic hedgehog pathway, cell proliferation and induced PCD	Wang et al. (2017)
						Colon cancer	SW480 and SW620 cells	Decreased p53 level, cell proliferation and alteration in phosphoproteome	Sato et al. (2017)
						Colon carcinoma	CRC cells	Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin & sonic hedgehog signalings	Luers (2018)
						Colorectal cancer	HT29 cells	Inhibit the tumor growth due to their anti-angiogenic effect	Yue et al. (2016)
						Colon cancer	HCT 116 cell line	Suppression of cellular protein synthesis, induced mitochondrial dysfunction, Inactivation of lysosomal activity and apoptosis	Wang et al. (2016)
						Gastric cancer	MGC-803 cell line	Decreased cell viability, colony formation, cell migration and caspases activation to induce PCD	He et al. (2017)
						Colon cancer	DLD-1, HCT116 and LoVo cells	High expression of Caspase-3 and -7, inhibited cell growth and ultimately lead to PCD	Montgomery et al. (2016)
						Breast canc Er	MCF-10F, MDA-MB-231 and Tumor-2 cells	Suppression of the expression of different proteins, cadherins (E, N) and catenins, vimentins, fibronectins, epithelial mesenchymal transition and cell proliferation	Gallardo and Calaf (2016)
							MDA-MB-231 cells	Inhibitory concentration (IC)50 = 49 ± 2.08 μg/ml	Ahmad et al. (2016)
							MDA-MB-231 cells	Alteration of cellular cytoskeleton, morphology and cellular migration	Li et al. (2016)
							MCF-7 cells	Inhibition of LPA induced RhoA/ROCK/matrix metallopeptidases (MMP) signaling, cell invasion	Sun et al. (2016)
								Regulation and inhibition of breast cancer promoting genes and tumour progression	Wang et al. (2018)
								Suppression the expression of phosphorylated protein p44/42 in MAP Kinase pathway, activation of p53, caspase-3, 9, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bax activity	Bhuiyan (2020)
						Prostate cancer	PC3 cells	Halts the cell growth and finally lead to PCD	Irshad et al. (2017)
						Hepatocellular cancer	Hepa 1–6 cells	Reactivation of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) gene expression, Inhibition of cell growth and induced PCD	Sanaei et al. (2020)
					Curcumin along with silibinin B	Colorectal cancer	CRC cell line	Induced cell death by both PCD and autophagy	Horita et al. (2019)
					Curcumin analogues	Prostate cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer	PC-3, HT-29, H1299 and BxPC-3 cells	Inhibition of cell growth, suppression of NF-κB and induced apoptosis	Zhang et al. (2016)
					WZ35 analogue	Gastric cancer	BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells	Downregulation of yes-associated protein (YAP), activation of JNK and inhibition of glycolysis	Chen et al. (2020)
5.	Piper nigrum L.	Piperaceae	Black pepper	Fruit	Piperine	Breast and colon cancer	MCF-7 and HT-29 cells	DNA damage, decreased cell viability, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis	de Souza Grinevicius et al. (2016)
						Prostate cancer	PC3 cells	Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis	Irshad et al. (2017)
6.	Crocus sativus L.	Iridaceae	Saffron	Dried red stigma	Crocin	Breast cancer	HCC70, HCC1806, HeLa and CCD1059sk cells	Depolymerization of microtubules, inhibit mitosis, tubulin assembly and cell proliferation	Hire et al. (2017)
				Leaf biowastes	Crocetin	Breast carcinoma	MCF-7 cells	Inhibition of ER-α and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2)	Mir et al. (2020)
7.	Nigella sativa L.	Ranunculaceae	Black cumin	Seed oil	Thymoquinone	Colon cancer	COLO205 and HCT116 cells	Inhibition of NF-κB	Zhang et al. (2016)
8.	Allium sativum L.	Amaryllidaceae	Garlic	Bulb	Thiosulfinate-enriched extract	Colon cancer	Caco-2 and HT-29 cells	Decreasing cell viability	Perez-Ortiz et al. (2020)
9.	Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae	Clove	Flower bud	Kumatakenin	Ovarian cancer	SKOV3 and A2780 cells	Induced cytotoxicity, PCD, increased activity of caspase 3, 8, 9 and inhibition of interleukin (IL)-10, MMP-2/9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- Cancer promoting factors	Woo et al. (2017)
					Eugenol	Cervical cancer	HeLa cells	Modification of cellular morphology and ultimately induced PCD	Das et al. (2018)
						Esophageal cancer	TE-13 cells	Inhibition of cellular growth	Zheng et al. (2016)
						Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells	Downregulation of β-catenin and CSC markers	Choudhury et al. (2020)
								Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, alteration of Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK and Erk 1/2 signaling pathways and induced cell death	Kello et al. (2020)
10.	Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton	Zingiberaceae	Small cardamom	Fruits	Cardamonin	Human melanoma	M14 and A375 cell lines	Inhibited cell viability, reduced cell density, upregulation of BAX protein and induced apoptosis	Yue et al. (2020)
11.	Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm.	Lauraceae	Tejapatta	Leaves	Eugenol and α-caryophyllene	Lung, breast and brain cancer	A549, MCF-7 and U-87MG cells	Cell-specific cytotoxicity	Thanekar et al. (2016)
12.	Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume	Lauraceae	Dalchini	Bark	Ethanolic extract	Breast carcinoma	MDA-MB-231 cells	IC50 = 25 μg/ml and DNA fragmentation	Husain et al. (2018)
13.	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Myristicaceae	Mace	Outer aril	Dichloromethane	Oral cancer	Oral cancer cell lines	DNA fragmentation and genotoxicity	Cinthura et al. (2017)
14.	Allium wallichii Kunth	Alliaceae	Himalayan Onion	Whole plant	Aqueous ethanol	Prostate cancer, Breast Cancer and cervical cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma	PC3, MCF-7, HeLa and B- Lymphoma cell line	IC50 = 69.69 μg/ml (PC3), IC50 = 55.29 μg/ml (MCF-7), IC50 = 46.51 μg/ml (HeLa) and IC50 = 3.817 ± 1.99 mg/ml (B-Lymphoma)	Bhandari et al. (2017)
15.	Origanum marjoran L.	Lamiaceae	Marjoram	Aerial parts	Aqueous	Mammary adencarcinoma	AMN-3 cell line	Inhibition of cell growth	Khaleel et al. (2016)
					Hesperetin and hydroquinone	Rat brain tumor and cervical cancer	C6 and HeLa cells	Hesperetin IC50 = 64.38 μg/ml (C6 cells) Hydroquinone IC50 = NR
16.	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Lamiaceae	Rosemary	Leaves	Dimethyl sulfoxide	Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231 cell line	Inhibition of cell growth, cell survival and lead to PCD	Jaglanian and Tsiani (2020)
					Carnosic acid	Lung cancer	IMR-90 and NCI–H460 cell line	Blockage of cell cycle, inhibition of cellular proliferation and apoptosis	Corveloni et al. (2020)
17.	Pimpinella anisum L.	Apiaceae	Anise	Seeds	Aqueous	Oral cancer	KB cell line	Induced Cytotoxicity and Changes in cellular morphology	Mukunda et al. (2020)
18.	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Apiaceae	Fennel	Seeds	Protein fraction	Breast and pancreatic cancer	MCF-7 and AsPC-1 cells	Induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells but no significant inhibition of AsPC-1 cell lines	Megeressa et al. (2020)
19.	Coriandrum sativum L.	Apiaceae	Coriander	Roots	Ethyl acetate extract	Breast carcinoma	MCF-7 cells	Halts the process of tumor cells migration	Zheng et al. (2016)
20.	Origanum vulgare	Lamiaceae	Oregano	Whole	Carvacrol	Breast carcinoma	MDA-MB-231 cells	IC50 = 199 μM	Baranauskaite et al. (2017)
21.	Thymus vulgaris L.	Lamiaceae	Thyme	Whole	Thymol	Colorectal cancer	HCT-116 and Lovo cells	Inhibition of cell growth and metastasis via downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and activation of BAX/Bcl-2 signaling pathway	Zeng et al. (2020)
22.	Ferula asafoetida H. Karst.	Apiaceae	Asafoetida	Resin	Gummosin	Breast and prostate cancer	MCF-7 and PC-3 cells	IC50 = 32.1 μg/ml (MCF-7) and IC50 = 30 μg/ml (PC-3)	Iranshahy et al. (2019)
23.	Capparis spinosa L.	Capparidaceae	Caper	Fruit	3-Methyl-2-buten-1-yl β-D-glucopyranoside	Breast cancer	NR	Significantly declined the efficacy of the enzyme coenzyme colin estersase and killed the cancer cells	Salih et al. (2020)
24.	Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.	Brassicaceae	Horseradish	Above and underground parts	5-Phenylpentylisothiocyanate	Colon and cervical cancer	Caco-2 and HeLa cells	IC50 = 3.4 μg/ml (Caco-2) IC50 = 5.9 μg/ml (HeLa)	Dekić et al. (2017)
25.	Alpinia galangal (L.) Willd.	Zingiberaceae	Greater galanga	Rhizomes	Acetoxy Chavicol Acetate	Cervical, and breast cancer	HeLa, MCF-7 and T47D cells	Induction of apoptosis via the activation of Caspase-3 cascade	Suhendi et al. (2017)
26.	Vanilla planifolia Jacks. Ex Andrews	Orchidaceae	Vanilla	Beans	Vanillin	Colorectal cancer	HT-29 cells	Suppression of cell proliferation and Caspases induced apoptosis	Xie et al. (2020)
27.	Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy	Clusiaceae	Kokam	Fruit rind	Garcinol	Gallbladder cancer	GBC cells	Downregulation of mRNA levels to suppress the activity of MMP2 and MMP9	Duan et al. (2018)
28.	Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.	Rutaceae	Curry leaf	Leaf	Girinimbine	Colon cancer	HT-29 cells	Inhibition of inflammation and cell viability and finally induced apoptosis	Iman et al. (2017)
29.	Cuminum cyminum L.	Apiaceae	Cumin	Seeds and fruits	Luteolin-7 -O-glucoside	Breast cancer	MCF-7 cells	Selective cytotoxicity	Goodarzi et al. (2020)

NR* = Not reported.