Table 5.
Toxicological effects of some spices.
| Name of spice/bioactives | Study type | Body part affected | Resulted adverse effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | In-vitro & in-vivo | Any | DNA damage |
| Chilli | Clinical study | Human stomach | Gastric cancer |
| Gall bladder | Carcinogenic | ||
| Safrole from Areca nut | Human esophagus | ||
| Star anise | CNS | Neutotoxic | |
| Thyme oil | In-vitro | Human lymphocytes | Genotoxic |
| Carvacrol | Lung fibroblast cells | DNA damage, clastogenic | |
| Allium sativum | Adipocytes cells | Cytotoxic | |
| Saffron | In-vivo | Mice liver | Hepatotoxic |
| Chilli, coriander, fennel, ajwain, cardamom, cumin and dark pepper | Gastrointestinal part of albino rats | Gastrointestinal toxicity | |
| Ginger | Mice | ||
| Clinical study | Human stomach | Gastric problems |
Source: Guldiken et al. (2018).