No significant difference in inflammatory signaling exists between IPMKΔIECand control mice. (A) Although IPMK deletion exacerbates colitis phenotypes, expression of major inflammatory cytokines in colonic epithelial cells showed no difference between genotypes (n = 8, 5 per genotype). Data are presented as means ± SD. (B) The activity of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, regulating inflammation and AKT signaling, and governing cell survival, was assessed by immunoblotting. The phosphorylation level of key proteins was not different between IPMKΔIEC and IPMKf/f mice. p-AKT; p-JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; p-NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.