Table 1.

Differences in the distribution of adolescent metabolic syndrome risk scores (−2 to 2) across maternal and adolescent sociodemographic characteristics.

	Entire sample (N = 250)				Females (N = 132)				Males (N = 118)
	N	Mean	SD	P	N	Mean	SD	P	N	Mean	SD	P
Maternal characteristics
Age at Pregnancy (years)
15–24	101	0.005	0.625	0.65	51	0.020	0.594	0.67	50	−0.011	0.661	0.88
25–34	117	−0.026	0.595		60	−0.044	0.546		57	−0.007	0.646
35–44	30	0.092	0.692		20	0.088	0.764		10	0.099	0.556
Education (years)
<10	88	0.035	0.645	0.74	50	0.034	0.611	0.85	38	0.036	0.696	0.62
10–12	125	−0.030	0.596		64	−0.009	0.578		61	−0.051	0.617
>12	35	0.025	0.638		17	−0.058	0.670		18	0.103	0.616
Trimester one BMI
<18	1	−0.525	.	0.58	0	.	.	0.46	1	−0.525	.	0.35
18–24.9	103	−0.052	0.634		48	−0.124	0.537		55	0.012	0.707
25–29.9	84	0.016	0.632		51	0.099	0.639		33	−0.113	0.608
30–34.9	25	−0.002	0.551		15	0.047	0.612		10	−0.076	0.464
>35	8	0.287	0.867		3	−0.066	1.397		5	0.499	0.437
Gestational weight gain (kg)
<6	48	0.029	0.639	0.62	28	0.063	0.649	0.03a	20	−0.020	0.638	0.17
6–8.5	66	−0.008	0.629		34	−0.195	0.541		32	0.191	0.662
>8.5–11	55	−0.105	0.549		28	−0.096	0.598		27	−0.114	0.504
>11	52	0.050	0.714		27	0.264	0.626		25	−0.181	0.743
Adolescent characteristics
Age (years)
8–10	172	−0.050	0.651	0.03a	93	−0.021	0.661	0.43	79	−0.083	0.641	0.04a
11–12	54	0.039	0.528		25	−0.024	0.408		29	0.093	0.616
13–14	22	0.303	0.464		13	0.208	0.392		9	0.440	0.546
Pubertal status1
Peri-pubertal	144	−0.116	0.617	0.00a	85	−0.115	0.632	0.001a	59	−0.117	0.601	0.04a
Pubertal	104	0.162	0.584		46	0.215	0.469		58	0.120	0.663
Leptin (ng/mL)
<5	62	−0.512	0.411	0.00a	18	−0.700	0.329	0.00a	44	−0.435	0.419	0.00a
5–8	64	−0.135	0.495		30	−0.255	0.388		34	−0.030	0.557
>8–15	60	0.129	0.519		39	0.014	0.509		21	0.343	0.478
>15	62	0.529	0.527		44	0.450	0.503		18	0.722	0.546
Physical activity (METS)2
<17	62	−0.021	0.723	0.83	35	−0.060	0.676	0.58	27	0.030	0.789	0.99
17–26	62	−0.045	0.596		38	−0.060	0.623		24	−0.022	0.563
>26–40	58	0.054	0.628		27	0.122	0.606		31	−0.005	0.651
>40	66	0.018	0.525		31	0.039	0.465		35	−0.001	0.579

¹Sex-specific peri-pubertal (<1) and pubertal (>1) status were determined by physician-assessed Tanner staging for males (genital or pubic hair development) and females (breast or pubic hair development);

²METs are metabolic equivalent;

^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.10.