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Methods to Prevent AKI When Using Opioids
| Intervention | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Hydration | Improve renal perfusion |
| Naloxone | Sympathetic inhibition |
| HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors | Promote HIF-related mechanisms to protect against ischemia |
| TLR2 blockade | Inhibition of inflammatory response to ischemia |
| Thymoquinone | Reduce free radical generation |
| κ-opioid receptor agonist | Reduce free radical generation |
AKI, acute kidney injury; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; TLR2, Toll like receptor 2.
