Table 3.

Biomarkers in AKI

Name (Abbreviation)	Known Inciting Factors	Proposed Functional Role in AKI
Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL)	Ischemia, toxin	Protective: apoptosis inhibition
Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1)	Ischemia-reperfusion	Protective: promotes removal of apoptotic and necrotic products
Interleukin 18	Ischemia-reperfusion, toxin	Proinjury: inflammatory cytokine
Liver-type fatty acid–binding protein (L-FABP)	Ischemia, cardiac surgery	Protective: antioxidant
Angiotensinogen (Atg)	Cardiac surgery, others	Proinjury: RAAS activation
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2)	Cardiac surgery, critical illness	Protective: unclear mechanisms
Insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7)	Critical illness	Protective: cell-cycle arrest

AKI, acute kidney injury; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Alge and Arthur.⁷⁸