Table 2.
Baseline and Follow-Up Means and Effect Size for Primary and Secondary Outcomes
| Outcome | Positive STEPS group (n = 22) | Control group (n = 24) | Treatment effect size (partial eta squared)a | P value for treatment effecta | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |||
| Pain Interferenceb | 59.4 (6.7) | 55.1 (7.5) | 58.9 (8.2) | 59.3 (6.8) | 0.166 | .000 |
| Physical Functioningb | 41.5 (7.4) | 43.7 (7.7) | 40.8 (6.7) | 40.9 (6.3) | 0.075 | .068 |
| Social Participationb | 50.6 (9.1) | 51.9 (7.2) | 48.3 (9.1) | 48.1 (7.6) | 0.014 | .464 |
| Pain Self-Efficacyc | 4.8 (1.2) | 5.1 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.3) | 4.2 (1.4) | 0.155 | .007 |
| Resilienced | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.5) | 0.009 | .531 |
aBased on univariate analysis of variance.
b T-scores are normed so that a score of 50 is the mean for the reference population and 1 SD = 10 T-score points.
cPain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Nicholas, 2007).
dConnor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003).