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. 2022 Oct 19;29(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s43045-022-00246-5

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of the participants with regard to substance-related factors

N %
Main substance Hash 8 5.3%
Synthetic cannabinoids 26 17.3%
Tramadol 18 12.0%
Heroin 71 47.3%
Amphetamine 1 0.7%
Polysubstance 22 14.7%
Pregabalin 3 2.0%
Slcohol 1 0.7%
Max dose of heroin if it is the main substance Less than 0.5 2 2.3%
0.5–1 gm 26 30.2%
More than 1 gm 58 67.4%
Route of intake Smoke 35 23.3%
Injection 49 32.7%
Oral 22 14.7%
Multiple 22 14.7%
Sniffing 22 14.7%
Duration of abuse 1–3 years 2 1.3%
More than 3 years 148 98.7%