Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.

Study Designs	• Randomised trials: 84 (and 10 post-hoc or secondary analysis from these) • Non-randomised controlled trials: 4 • Systematic reviews: 9
Sample Size of trials	• Range is 80 to 1007 (median=80) • 0-50 participants: 24 (27.27%) • 51-100 participants: 27 (30.68%) • 101-200 participants: 26 (29.54%) • >200 participants: 11 (12.50%)
Decadal Periods (based on start year of recruitment)	• ≤1990:14 • 1991-2000: 13 • 2001-2010: 27 • 2011-2020: 27 • ≥2021: 4 • Unclear/not reported: 3
Number of centres in trials	• Multicentre: 26 (29.5%) • Single centre: 62 (70.5%)
Snake species in trials	• Restricted to bites of specific snake species/genus: 49 (55.7%) • Not restricted to bites of specific snake species/genus: 39 (44.3%)
Country of conduct of trials	Country	Number of trials	%
	Australia	2	2.27
	Brazil	9	10.23
	China	4	4.54
	Colombia	6	6.82
	Ecuador	2	2.27
	India	17	19.32
	Iran	2	2.27
	Malaysia	1	1.14
	Mexico	2	2.27
	Myanmar	3	3.41
	Nepal	1	1.14
	Central African Republic	1	1.14
	Nigeria	6	6.82
	Pakistan	1	1.14
	Papua New Guinea	1	1.14
	Philippines	2	2.27
	Sri Lanka	15	17.04
	Thailand	5	5.68
	United States	7	7.95
	Vietnam	1	1.14