Table 1.
Demographics and medical history of patients on VA-ECMO and VV-ECMO undergoing TCD, with respect to ever having an MES recorded on at least 1 examination
| Demographics and comorbidities | VA-ECMO |
VV-ECMO |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MES (n = 65) | MES (n = 35) | P value | No MES (n = 43) | MES (n = 2) | P value | |
| Age, y | 56 (46-68) | 60 (47-68) | .80 | 47 (39-57) | 44 (30-57) | .79 |
| Male | 59 (59%) | 33 (76.7%) | .06 | 31 (75.6%) | 27 (60.0%) | .17 |
| Race | .45 | .86 | ||||
| White | 60 (60.0%) | 22 (51.2%) | 18 (40.0%) | 14 (34.2%) | ||
| Black | 29 (29.0%) | 16 (37.2%) | 13 (28.9%) | 15 (36.6%) | ||
| Hispanic | 3 (3.0%) | 0 | 11 (24.4%) | 9 (22.0%) | ||
| Asian | 4 (4.0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (4.9%) | ||
| Other | 4 (4.0%) | 4 (9.3%) | 2 (4.4%) | 1 (2.4%) | ||
| Hypertension | 48 (73.9%) | 27 (77.1%) | .81 | 18 (41.9%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1.00 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 37 (56.9%) | 19 (54.3%) | .84 | 15 (34.9%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 19 (29.3%) | 12 (34.3%) | .65 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Congestive heart failure | 18 (27.7%) | 13 (37.1%) | .37 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Diabetes | 22 (33.9%) | 8 (22.9%) | .36 | 6 (14.0%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease (stage 3+) | 10 (15.4%) | 4 (11.4%) | .77 | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | .35 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Ischemic stroke | 6 (9.2%) | 2 (5.7%) | .71 | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Anticoagulation before index admission | 14 (21.5%) | 12 (34.3%) | .23 | 3 (7.0%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Antiplatelet therapy before index admission | 28 (43.1%) | 16 (45.7%) | .84 | 5 (11.6%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Precannulation Glasgow Coma Scale score | 15 (14-15) | 15 (14-15) | .96 | 11 (3-15) | 13 (11-15) | .61 |
| VA-ECMO indication | ||||||
| Postcardiotomy shock | 29 (44.6%) | 18 (51.4%) | .52 | |||
| Intraoperative cardiotomy shock | 14 (21.5%) | 8 (22.9%) | 1.00 | |||
| Postoperative cardiotomy shock | 15 (23.1%) | 10 (28.6%) | .63 | |||
| Cardiogenic shock | 21 (32.3%) | 13 (37.1%) | .66 | |||
| Acute ischemic cardiomyopathy | 11 (16.9%) | 6 (17.1%) | 1.00 | |||
| Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1.00 | |||
| Nonischemic cardiomyopathy | 9 (13.9%) | 6 (17.1%) | .77 | |||
| Postheart transplant | 2 (3.1%) | 3 (8.6%) | .34 | |||
| Bridge to heart transplant | 0 | 1 (2.9%) | .35 | |||
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 8 (12.3%) | 0 | .05 | |||
| Pulmonary embolism | 4 (6.2%) | 0 | .30 | |||
| Distributive shock | 1 (1.0%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| VV-ECMO indication | ||||||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 39 (90.7%) | 1 (50.0%) | .21 | |||
| Bacterial pneumonia | 5 (11.6%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| COVID-19 pneumonia | 23 (53.5%) | 0 | .23 | |||
| Other viral pneumonia | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Fungal pneumonia | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Pulmonary embolism | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Septic shock | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Aspiration pneumonitis | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Pancreatitis | 0 | 1 (50.0%) | .05 | |||
| Other | 1 (2.4%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
| Postlung transplant | 2 (4.7%) | 1 (50.0%) | .13 | |||
| Bridge to lung transplant | 2 (4.7%) | 0 | 1.00 | |||
Results are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. VA, Venoarterial; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VV, venovenous; MES, microembolic signal; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; TCD, transcranial Doppler.