Table 2.

Properties of small molecule inhibitors approved or evaluated in clinical trials for COVID-19 therapy: host-targeted inhibitors and immune response modulators.

Chemical structure	Generic name (trade name)	Code name	Molecular formula	Targets	Effective spectrum	Highest phase	Corporation or trial originator
	Camostat mesylate (Foipan)	FOY305 FOY-S980	C20H22N4O5. CH4O3S	TMPRSS2	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV-2	Phase III	Ono Pharmaceutical
	Nafamostat mesylate (Futhan)	DS-2319 FUT-175	C19H17N5O2. 2CH4O3S	TMPRSS2	SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV	Phase III	Multiple originators
	Proxalutamide	GT0918	C24H19F4N5O2S	Host protease inhibitor (androgen receptor antagonist)	SARS-CoV-2	Phase III	Kintor Pharmaceutical
	Chloroquine	–	C18H26ClN3	Endosome acidification agent	HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HIV, Ebola virus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	EUA by FDA at early outbreak	Multiple originators
	Hydroxychloroquine	–	C18H26ClN3O	Endosome acidification agent	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Phase IV	Multiple originators
	Mefloquine	–	C17H16F6N2O	Endosome acidification agent	MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV	Phase II/III	Multiple originators
	Apilimod	STA-5326	C23H26N6O2	Host endosomal inhibitor (PIKfyve kinase inhibitor)	Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, SARS-CoV-2	Phase II	AI Therapeutics
	Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol, Prednisolone F)	AR-1105 BDI-1 ISV-305	C22H29FO5	Immune response modulator	SARS-CoV-2	Phase IV	Multiple originators
	Baricitinib (Olumiant)	LY3009104 INCB028050	C16H17N7O2S	Immune response modulator (JAK inhibitor)	SARS-CoV-2	EUA in the USA	Eli Lilly and Company/Incyte
	Ruxolitinib (Jakfi)	INCB18424	C17H18N6	Immune response modulator (JAK inhibitor)	SARS-CoV-2	Phase III	Novartis/Incyte
	Tofacitinib	CP-690550	C16H20N6O	Immune response modulator (JAK inhibitor)	SARS-CoV-2	Phase III	Pfizer
	Nitazoxanide (Alinia/Colufase/Cryptaz)	NT-300 NTZ PH-5776	C12H9N3O5S	Immune response modulator (IFN inducer)	Influenza virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2	Phase IV	Multiple originators