TABLE 1.
The effect of TMS on CBF
These data highlight a common theme that low-frequency TMS to the motor cortex and high frequency TMS to the DLPFC tends to increase blood flow in the area underneath the coil.
| Author | Year | Subject Population | Site of Stimulation | Stimulation Frequency | PET Radiotracer | Effect on CBF | Regions Affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Cortex | |||||||
| Fox et al. | 1997 | HC | M1 - Left | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | Directly under stimulated site |
| Paus et al. | 1998 | HC | M1 - Left | 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇩ | Site of stimulation, R M1, premotor, SMA, medial parietal |
| Siebner et al. | 2001 | HC | M1 - Left | 1–5 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | Directly under stimulation site |
| Strafella and Paus | 2001 | HC | M1 - Left | 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | Site of stimulation, R M1, L lateral premotor cortex |
| Lee et al. | 2003 | HC | M1 - Left | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Site of stimulation, bilateral dorsal premotor cortex, cerebellum R cingulate motor cortex, L ventral premotor area |
| Speer et al. | 2003 | HC | M1 - Left | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Under stimulation site, L primary auditory cortex, R cerebellum, putamen, insula and red nucleus Contralateral frontal, parietal cortex, ACC, occipital cortex |
| Takano et al. | 2004 | HC | M1 - Left | 5 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Under stimulation site, temporal cortex and insula Medial frontal, occipital and cuneus |
| Rounis et al. | 2005 | HC | M1 - Left | 1 Hz and 5 Hz | [15O]H2O | 1 Hz ⇧ and ⇩ 5 Hz ⇧ and ⇩ |
Under the stimulated area, R M1, L SMA, R dorsal and ventral premotor areas, L ventromedial prefrontal cortex, caudal and rostral cingulate motor areas. R putamen, L head of caudate, R cerebellar vermis. Under the stimulation site, L ventral premotor area, prefrontal and somatosensory cortices, anterior cingulate, parietal areas. Superior cerebellum |
| Obeso et al. | 2013 | HC | Pre-SMA - Right | 50 Hz (cTBS) | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | L pre-SMA, L inferior frontal gyrus, R premotor and R inferior parietal cortex. |
| Prefrontal Cortex | |||||||
| Paus et al. | 1997 | HC | FEF- Left | 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | Directly under the coil, superior parietal cortex, L cuneus, R supplementary eye field |
| Speer et al. | 2000 | Depression | DLPFC- Left | 1 Hz and 20 Hz | [15O]H2O | 1 Hz ⇩ 20 Hz ⇧ |
R prefrontal cortex, L medial temporal cortex, L basal ganglia, L amygdala Directly under the stimulation site, R prefrontal cortex, L and R cingulate gyrus, L amygdala, bilateral insula, basal ganglia, uncus, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum |
| Paus et al. | 2001 | HC | DLPFC- Left | 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | Directly under the stimulation site, ACC, posterior cingulate |
| Speer et al. | 2003 | HC | PFC- Left | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ and ⇩ |
L ACC, cerebellum, R insula, primary auditory cortex, and somatosensory face area Stimulated region and in the R PFC, L medial temporal lobe, parahippocampus, and posterior middle temporal gyri |
| Ohnishi, Matsuda et al. |
2004 | HC | DLPFC- Left | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | R ACC, R medial prefrontal cortex, L ventromedial PFC, and L ventral striatum |
| Barrett et al. | 2004 | HC | DLPFC- Left | 1 Hz and 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | 1 Hz – No effect 10 Hz ⇧ and ⇩ |
- Under stimulation site, perigenual ACC, insula, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, caudate nucleus Amygdala, middle frontal gyrus, gyrus rectus, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior and superior parietal lobes |
| Knoch et al. | 2005 | HC | DLPFC- Left and Right | 1 Hz and 10 Hz | [15O]H2O | 1 Hz R ⇧ and ⇩ 1 Hz L ⇧ and ⇩ 10 Hz R ⇧ and ⇩ 10 Hz L ⇧ and ⇩ |
L postcentral gyrus, R precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus L posterior cingulate, L parahippocampal gyrus Directly under stimulation site, R middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, R caudate nucleus L inferior frontal gyrus, L OFC Directly under stimulation site, L uncus, R caudate R middle and superior frontal gyrus regions, L middle frontal gyrus Directly under stimulation site, R inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus R middle frontal gyrus |
| Eisenegger et al. | 2008 | HC | DLPFC- Right | 1 Hz | [15O]H2O | ⇧ | L DLPFC, right ventrolateral PFC, inferior frontal cortex |
FEF, frontal eye field; HC, healthy control; L, left; MDL-FC, mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex; R, right; SM1 HAND, sensorimotor hand area.