TABLE 2.
The effect of TMS on glucose metabolism
| Author | Year | Subject Population | Site of Stimulation | Stimulation Frequency | PET Radiotracer | Effect on Glutamate Metabolism | Regions Effected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Cortex | |||||||
| Siebner, et al. | 1998 | HC | M1 - Left | 2 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Directly under the coil and SMA |
| Siebner, et al. | 1999 | HC | M1 - Left | 2 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Directly under the coil and primary auditory cortex |
| Siebner, et al. | 2000 | HC | M1 - Left | 5 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Directly under the coil, R M1, caudal SMA |
| Siebner, et al. | 2001 | HC | M1 - Left | 2 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Directly under the coil, caudal SMA, ACC |
| Hayashi, et al. | 2004 | NHP | M1 - Right | 5 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate gyrus, L OFC Directly under the coil, L M1 |
| Prefrontal Cortex | |||||||
| Kimbrell, et al. | 2002 | HC | DLPFC - Left | 1 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Cuneus L Superior frontal gyrus |
| Baeken, et al. | 2009 | Depression | DLPFC - Left | 10 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Anterior cingulate |
| Li, et al. | 2010 | Depression | DLPFC - Left | 10 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Anterior cingulate, somatosensory and precuneus L fusiform gyrus and middle temporal lobe |
| Baeken, et al. | 2015 | Depression | DLPFC - Left | 10 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Right prefrontal cortex Subgenual cingulate |
| Tastevin, et al. | 2020 | Depression | DLPFC - Left | 10 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Bilateral precuneus, R temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala |
| Li, et al. | 2018 | Depression | DLPFC - Left and Right | TBS | [18F]FDG | R cTBS⇧ L iTBS⇧ |
Anterior cingulate, medial PFC Anterior Cingulate, medial PFC |
| Other Regions | |||||||
| Cho, et al. | 2011 | HC | Cerebellum - Left | 1 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
R SMA, R posterior parietal cortex, L frontal lobe and ACC L middle and inferior frontal lobes, temporal cortex, L pons, and L dentate nucleus |
| Nauczyciel, et al. | 2014 | OCD | OFC - Right | 1 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇩ | Directly under stimulation area, R frontal lobe, L putamen and L caudate |
| Lee, et al. | 2013 | HC | Temporal - Right | 1 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ | Directly under the coil, R frontal cortex, ACC and various motor cortical regions |
| Horacek, et al. | 2007 | Schizophrenia | Temporoparietal- Left | 0.9 Hz | [18F]FDG | ⇧ and ⇩ |
Middle frontal lobe, superior temporal lobe, and the supramarginal gyrus Directly under the coil, temporal cortex, cerebellum, insula, cuneus, uncus and the hippocampus |
HC, healthy control; iTBS, intermittent θ burst stimulation; L, left; NHP, nonhuman primate; R, right.