Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Total (N = 165,842) |
Non-exercisers (n = 110,499, 66.6%) |
Exercisers (n = 55,343, 33.4%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New exercisers (n = 21,056, 12.7%) |
Exercise dropouts (n = 19,377, 11.7%) |
Exercise maintainers (n = 14,910, 9.0%) |
P-value | |||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 59.8 ± 11.9 | 59.5 ± 12.3 | 60.1 ± 11.1 | 60.8 ± 11.3 | 60.4 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
| < 40 years | 9,621 (5.8) | 7,215 (6.5) | 950 (4.5) | 917 (4.7) | 539 (3.6) | < 0.001 |
| 40–64 years | 97,408 (58.7) | 64,907 (58.8) | 12,625 (60.0) | 10,952 (56.5) | 8,924 (59.9) | |
| ≥ 65 years | 58,813 (35.5) | 38,377 (34.7) | 7,481 (35.5) | 7,508 (38.8) | 5,447 (36.5) | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 80,336 (48.4) | 50,714 (45.9) | 10,856 (51.6) | 9,935 (51.3) | 8,831 (59.2) | |
| Female | 85,506 (51.6) | 59,785 (54.1) | 10,200 (48.4) | 9,442 (48.7) | 6,079 (40.8) | |
| Low income* | 31,365 (18.9) | 21,210 (19.2) | 3,923 (18.6) | 3,674 (19.0) | 2,558 (17.2) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current or past smoker | 24,294 (14.7) | 17,239 (15.6) | 2,739 (13.0) | 2,526 (13.0) | 1,790 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Heavy drinker | 8,402 (5.1) | 5,579 (5.1) | 1,093 (5.2) | 865 (4.5) | 865 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
| Measurements | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 23.6 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 3.2 | 23.7 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.9 ± 9.1 | 80.8 ± 9.3 | 80.9 ± 8.9 | 81.3 ± 8.9 | 81.2 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
| Central obesity | 38,903 (23.5) | 26,626 (24.1) | 4,653 (22.1) | 4,514 (23.3) | 3,110 (20.9) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 100.3 ± 23.0 | 100.0 ± 23.1 | 100.4 ± 22.7 | 101.0 ± 23.3 | 101.1 ± 22.8 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.3 ± 14.6 | 123.1 ± 14.8 | 123.4 ± 14.4 | 123.8 ± 14.5 | 123.7 ± 14.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.7 ± 9.5 | 75.7 ± 9.6 | 75.7 ± 9.4 | 75.9 ± 9.4 | 75.8 ± 9.4 | 0.057 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.7 ± 37.8 | 194.2 ± 38.0 | 192.7 ± 37.5 | 193.1 ± 37.9 | 192.1 ± 36.5 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 89.1 ± 40.7 | 89.5 ± 41.0 | 89.0 ± 44.7 | 87.9 ± 33.6 | 88.1 ± 41.5 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 64,250 (38.7) | 42,287 (38.3) | 8,204 (39.0) | 7,884 (40.7) | 5,875 (39.4) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 50,422 (30.4) | 32,984 (29.9) | 6,496 (30.9) | 6,326 (32.7) | 4,616 (31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22,762 (13.7) | 14,623 (13.2) | 2,985 (14.2) | 2,981 (15.4) | 2,173 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10,948 (6.6) | 7,333 (6.6) | 1,355 (6.4) | 1,355 (7.0) | 905 (6.1) | 0.005 |
| Asthma or COPD | 7,885 (4.8) | 4,871 (4.4) | 1,204 (5.7) | 975 (5.0) | 835 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 57,243 (34.5) | 38,630 (35.0) | 7,120 (33.8) | 6,810 (35.1) | 4,683 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
| Amounts of exercise | ||||||
|
Energy expenditure, MET-min/wk |
624.1 ± 635.2 | 347.0 ± 330.7 | 1,552.3 ± 556.7 | 463.0 ± 356.3 | 1,618.9 ± 585.2 | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 500 MET-min/wk | 80,102 (48.3) | 35,871 (32.5) | 20,599 (97.8) | 9,000 (46.5) | 14,632 (98.1) | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation
*Low income denotes income in the lowest 20% of the entire Korean population
BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MET metabolic equivalent of task