Fig. 8.

Loading exosomes with cargos based on physical, chemical, and biological techniques. A Sonication as an effective technique depends on the physical force to load bioactive molecules into exosomes. In contrast, B in the pH gradient technique, the chemical solutions (ethanol 70% for dehydration, citrate buffer rehydration, and HBS for dialyzing) are utilized to load bioactive molecules into exosomes. C In The exosome-liposome fusion technique, the biochemical properties of phospholipid of exosome and liposome are exploited to help merge exosome and liposome, which is significantly essential to load large and hydrophobic bioactive molecules into the exosome-liposome hybrid