Table 2.
Hazard ratios for associations between maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) and all cause (main outcome) and cause specific (secondary outcomes) mortality in offspring
| Outcome and exposure | No of deaths | Follow-up (person years) | Rate (per 100 000 person years) | Crude hazard ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted hazard ratio* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall mortality | |||||
| No maternal HDP | 19 119 | 45 534 378.72 | 41.99 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| Maternal HDP | 1021 | 1 840 136.80 | 55.49 | 1.28 (1.21 to 1.37) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.34) |
| Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia | 798 | 1 337 690.23 | 59.66 | 1.42 (1.32 to 1.52) | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.40) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 781 | 1 324 978.47 | 58.94 | 1.40 (1.30 to 1.50) | 1.29 (1.20 to 1.38) |
| Severity of pre-eclampsia: | |||||
| Moderate | 423 | 1 013 731.05 | 41.73 | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.99) |
| Severe | 279 | 208 803.94 | 133.62 | 3.10 (2.75 to 3.49) | 2.99 (2.66 to 3.37) |
| HELLP syndrome | 30 | 18 671.24 | 160.67 | 3.11 (2.18 to 4.45) | 4.79 (3.34 to 6.86) |
| Unspecified | 49 | 83 772.24 | 58.49 | 1.44 (1.09 to 1.91) | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.72) |
| Eclampsia | 17 | 12 711.76 | 133.73 | 3.17 (1.97 to 5.10) | 2.88 (1.79 to 4.63) |
| Hypertension: | |||||
| Overall | 223 | 502 446.57 | 44.38 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.28) |
| Pregestational | 81 | 181 836.48 | 44.55 | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) | 1.27 (1.02 to 1.58) |
| Gestational | 142 | 320 610.09 | 44.29 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.18) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.25) |
| Cause specific mortality | |||||
| Cardiovascular diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 572 | 45 534 378.72 | 1.26 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 36 | 1 840 136.80 | 1.96 | 1.57 (1.12 to 2.20) | 1.52 (1.08 to 2.13) |
| Malignant neoplasms: | |||||
| No HDP | 1819 | 45 534 378.72 | 3.99 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 78 | 1 840 136.80 | 4.24 | 1.07 (0.85 to 1.34) | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) |
| Infectious and parasitic diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 578 | 45 534 378.72 | 1.27 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 29 | 1 840 136.80 | 1.58 | 1.18 (0.81 to 1.72) | 1.26 (0.86 to 1.83) |
| Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 498 | 45 534 378.72 | 1.09 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 30 | 1 840 136.80 | 1.63 | 1.45 (1.00 to 2.09) | 1.56 (1.08 to 2.27) |
| Mental and behavioural disorders: | |||||
| No HDP | 134 | 45 534 378.72 | 0.29 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP† | - | 1 840 136.80 | 0.11 | 0.38 (0.09 to 1.53) | 0.36 (0.09 to 1.48) |
| Nervous system and sense organs diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 955 | 45 534 378.72 | 2.10 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 41 | 1 840 136.80 | 2.23 | 1.04 (0.76 to 1.42) | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.38) |
| Respiratory diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 467 | 45 534 378.72 | 1.03 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 23 | 1 840 136.80 | 1.25 | 1.17 (0.77 to 1.77) | 1.22 (0.80 to 1.86) |
| Digestive diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 210 | 45 534 378.72 | 0.46 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 17 | 1 840 136.80 | 0.92 | 1.99 (1.21 to 3.26) | 2.09 (1.27 to 3.43) |
| Musculoskeletal system or connective tissue diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 51 | 45 534 378.72 | 0.11 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP† | - | 1 840 136.80 | 0.11 | 0.99 (0.24 to 4.07) | 1.08 (0.26 to 4.48) |
| Genitourinary diseases: | |||||
| No HDP | 34 | 45 534 378.72 | 0.07 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP† | - | 1 840 136.80 | 0.16 | 2.16 (0.66 to 7.03) | 2.34 (0.71 to 7.72) |
| Conditions originating in perinatal period: | |||||
| No HDP | 2768 | 45 534 378.72 | 6.08 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 310 | 1 840 136.80 | 16.85 | 2.57 (2.28 to 2.89) | 2.04 (1.81 to 2.30) |
| Congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities: | |||||
| No HDP | 3514 | 45 534 378.72 | 7.72 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 153 | 1 840 136.80 | 8.31 | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.19) | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.22) |
| External causes of morbidity and mortality: | |||||
| No HDP | 4345 | 45 534 378.72 | 9.54 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 184 | 1 840 136.80 | 10.00 | 1.07 (0.93 to 1.25) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.21) |
| Other causes: | |||||
| No HDP | 3174 | 45 534 378.72 | 6.97 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| HDP | 113 | 1 840 136.80 | 6.14 | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.02) | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.13) |
CI=confidence interval.
*
Offspring age as time scale, adjusted for calendar year; sex; singleton; parity; birth year of child; maternal age, smoking, cohabitation, country of origin, residence, education, income at birth, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and history of diabetes; and parental history of cardiovascular disease before birth of the child.
†
<6 cases therefore not allowed to report owing to data protection in Denmark.