Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of subjects according to macrovascular status
| UK | FRANCE | Spain—HM | Spain—Barcelona | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 1846) | No MACRO (n = 1042) | Any MACRO (n = 804) | P | All (n = 1510) | No MACRO (n = 870) | Any MACRO (n = 640) | P | All (n = 406) | No MACRO (n = 308) | Any MACRO (n = 98) | P | All (n = 344) | No MACRO (n = 234) | Any MACRO (n = 110) | p | |
| Age (mean, SD) years | 72.5(13.9) | 69.1(14.8) | 76.8(11.2) | < 0.001 | 70.1(13.0) | 66.7(13.0) | 74.7(11.5) | < 0.001 | 74.7(11.9) | 72.8(11.9) | 80.6(9.7) | < 0.001 | 71.1(13.9) | 69.3(13.9) | 74.8(13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Men, n (%) | 1140(62) | 610 (59) | 530 (66) | 0.001 | 933 (62) | 495(57) | 438 (68.4) | < 0.001 | 250(62) | 185(60) | 65(66) | 0.322 | 202 (58.9) | 129 (55.1) | 73 (67.0) | 0.038 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | NA | 0.688 | ||||||||||||
| White | 1291(70) | 655(63) | 626(78) | 893(59) | 467(54) | 426(66.6) | NA | NA | NA | 77(87) | 58(84) | 19(95) | ||||
| Asian | 275(15) | 200(19) | 75 (9) | 55(4) | 39(5) | 16(2.5) | NA | NA | NA | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Black | 116(6) | 64(6) | 52 (6) | 242(16) | 173(20) | 69(10.8) | NA | NA | NA | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Other | 164(9) | 123(12) | 41 (5) | 320(21) | 191(22) | 129(20.2) | NA | NA | NA | 9 (10) | 8 (12) | 1 (5) | ||||
| Type of diabetes | ||||||||||||||||
| Type 1, n (%) | 93(5) | 59(6) | 34(4) | 0.200 | 48(3) | 33(4) | 15(2.3) | 0.107 | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 | 5 (5) | 5 (7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.642 |
| Type 2, n (%) | 1753(95) | 983(94) | 770(96) | 1462(97) | 837(96) | 625(97.7) | 402(99) | 305(99) | 97(99) | 88 (95) | 68 (93) | 20(100.0) | ||||
| Oral agents, n (%) | 1123(61) | 673(65) | 450(56) | < 0.001 | 1092(72) | 684(79) | 408(64) | < 0.001 | 83 (20) | 68 (22) | 15(15) | 0.192 | 274 (80) | 189 (81) | 85 (78) | 0.452 |
| Insulin,n (%) | 696(38) | 402(39) | 294(37) | 0.40 | 678(44.9) | 320(36.8) | 358(56) | < 0.001 | 79 (20) | 61 (20) | 18 (18) | 0.868 | 97 (28) | 55 (24) | 42 (39) | 0.004 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1286(70) | 713(68) | 573(71) | 1204(80) | 635(73) | 569(88.9) | < 0.001 | 286(70) | 207(67) | 79(81) | 0.016 | 278(81) | 176(75) | 102(93) | < 0.001 | |
| RAASi, n (%) | 1319(71) | 715(69) | 604(75) | 0.003 | 858(56.9) | 446(51.3) | 412(64.5) | < 0.001 | 153 (38) | 115 (37) | 38 (39) | 0.892 | 199 (58) | 131 (56) | 68 (62) | 0.194 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 767(51) | 363(42) | 404(63.1) | < 0.001 | 198(49) | 141(46) | 57(58) | 0.043 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Statins, n (%) | 1158(63) | 625(60) | 533(66) | 0.006 | 764(50.6) | 353(40.6) | 411(64.3) | < 0.001 | 107 (26) | 60 820) | 47 (48) | < 0.001 | 193 (56) | 112 (48) | 81 (74) | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 29.3 (7.2) | 29.9 (7.2) | 28.6 (7.1) | < 0.001 | 29.5 (5.9) | 29.9 (5.7) | 28.9 (6.1) | 0.02 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.8 (6.7) | 29.3 (6.4) | 33.3 (8.1) | 0.176 |
| Diabetes duration | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12 [6; 20] | 10 [5; 18] | 15 [10; 23] | < 0.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.8 (4.2) | 7.9 (4.3) | 7.8 (4.1) | 0.270 | 8.1 (1.8) | 8.3 (2.0) | 7.9 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 8.1 (1.7) | 8.3 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.4) | 0.230 | 7.5 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.4) | 8.3 (1.8) | 0.022 |
| HbA1c mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 62 (22) | 63 (23) | 62 (21) | 0.270 | 65.2(20.2) | 67.1(21.5) | 62.7(18.2) | < 0.001 | 65.0(18.2) | 67.2(20.2) | 60.7(15.4) | 0.230 | 58.9(16.9) | 56.6(15.4) | 67.2(19.7) | 0.022 |
| Microvascular disease, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 449(24) | 216(22) | 233(30) | < 0.001 | 252(17) | 104(12) | 148(23) | < 0.001 | 1(0.2) | 1(0.3) | 0(0.0) | 1.000 | 8/87 (9) | 7/71 (10) | 1/16 (6) | 0.652 |
| Diabetic kidney disease, n (%) | 420(23) | 156(15) | 264(33) | < 0.001 | 569 (38) | 220(25) | 349(54.5) | < 0.001 | 31(7.6) | 12(4) | 19(19) | < 0.001 | 6/87 (7) | 5/71 (7) | 1/16 (6) | 0.910 |
| Macrovascular disease, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
| Ischemic heart disease/Heart failure, n (%) | 560(30) | 0 (0.0) | 560(70) | – | 410(27)/185(13) | 0(0) | 410(64)/185(39) | – | 54(13.3)/34(8.4) | 0 (0.0) | 54(55)/34(35) | – | 96 (28) | 0 (0.0) | 96 (88) | – |
| TIA/Stroke, n (%) | 295(16) | 0 (0.0) | 295(37) | – | 188(13) | 0(0) | 188(29.4) | – | 25 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | 25(26) | – | 12 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (11) | – |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 246(13) | 0 (0.0) | 246(31) | – | 198(13) | 0(0) | 198(31.0) | – | 10 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 10(10) | – | 3 (1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.7) | – |
| CKD, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 51 (12.6) | 22(7) | 29(30) | < 0.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Death (in-hospital mortality), n (%) | 715(39) | 326(31) | 389(48) | < 0.001 | 290(19) | 118(14) | 172(26.9) | < 0.001 | 79(19.5) | 59(19) | 20(20) | 0.900 | 88(25.6) | 46(19.7) | 42(38.3) | < 0.001 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 193(10) | 155(15) | 38(5) | < 0.001 | 412(27) | 282(32) | 130(20.3) | < 0.001 | 35(8.6) | 28(9) | 7 (7) | 0.695 | 59(17.2) | 44(18.8) | 15(13.6) | 0.249 |
| Use of IMV, n (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 269 (18) | 189(22) | 80 (12.5) | < 0.001 | 37 (9.1) | 29 (9) | 8 (8) | 0.862 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, ICU intensive care unit, IMV Mechanical ventilation, SD Standard deviation,