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. 2022 Aug 3;4:945351. doi: 10.3389/frph.2022.945351

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Copyright © 2022 Moretti, Signorini, Noto, Corsaro and Collodel.

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of longitudinal sections of immature (A), necrotic (B) and apoptotic sperm (C). Immature sperm (A) is characterized by irregular nucleus with uncondensed chromatin (uCh). Cytoplasmic residue (CR) embeds swollen mitochondria (M) and coiled disassembled axoneme (Ax). Necrotic sperm (B) shows an altered nucleus with disrupted chromatin (dCh), swollen mitochondria (M) and broken plasma membrane (arrow). In figure (C) two apoptotic sperm with marginated chromatin (mCh), acrosome (Ac) far from the nucleus, integer plasma membranes (arrow) are shown. Bars A, B, C: 2μm.