Comparison 11. Lidocaine 4% gel 8.5 mL versus placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Mean pain score for IUD insertion (within 10 min of insertion	1	209	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐15.90 [‐22.77, ‐9.03]
2 Mean pain score 30 min post‐insertion	1	114	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐11.10 [‐19.05, ‐3.15]
3 Mean pain score 1 h post‐insertion	1	208	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.30 [‐6.79, 4.19]
4 Additional analgesic at clinic	1	218	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.21, 0.80]
5 Side effects or adverse events	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Any adverse event	1	218	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.46, 1.46]