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Many kinds of stresses can induce the formation of PGCCs, which can occur via endoreplication and cell fusion. There are two kinds of PGCCs, multinucleated and mononucleated giant cancer cells. HIF-1α is a key protein that is regulated by proline hydroxylase and is associated with the CSC-related characteristics of PGCCs. Green arrows represent potentiation, while red lines represent inhibitive effects.
