TABLE 1.

PGCCs appeared in different types of cancer cell lines and human malignant tumors.

Cancer cell lines and human malignant tumors	Stresses
Ovarian cancer cell lines HEY, SKOv3	CoCl2, cisplatin (Zhang et al., 2014a; Zhang et al., 2014d)
Colorectal cancer cell lines LoVo, Hct-116	CoCl2, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, irradiation, bufalin (Fei et al., 2019a; Zhao et al., 2021)
Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT-549	CoCl2, paclitaxel, triptolide (Jia et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020a; Liu et al., 2020b)
Human melanomas	PGCCs existed in primary anorectal malignant melanomas and their number was positively correlated with volume of tumor, and lymph node metastasis (Liu et al., 2018)
ovarian cancer	PGCCs were detected in human serous ovarian carcinomas and the number of PGCCs were positively correlate to tumor grade (Lorentzen, 1980; Zhang et al., 2014c; Lv et al., 2014)
pancreatic cancer	Osteoclast-like giant cells appeared in pancreatic carcinomas (Molberg et al., 1998; Imai et al., 1999; Nai et al., 2005)
esophageal cancer	PGCCs appeared in a case of esophageal pleomorphic (giant cell) carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (Mosnier and Balique, 2000).
urothelial cancer	PGCCs were observed in recurrent giant cell tumor of the bladder (O'Connor et al., 2002).
renal cell carcinoma	Syncytial giant cells appeared in a case of renal cell carcinoma (Shen and Wen, 2004).
breast cancer	The number of PGCCs was correlated with EMT-related proteins in breast cancer (Fei et al., 2015).
	PGCCs emerged in mammary epithelial cells infected with high-risk human cytomegalovirus (Nehme et al., 2021; Nehme et al., 2022).
prostate cancer	Two cases of pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the prostate with poor prognosis were reported (Lopez-Beltran et al., 2005)