TABLE 2.
Associations between sleep status and asthenozoospermia risk.
| Sleep parameters | Cases (n, %) | Controls (n, %) | OR (95%CI) a | OR (95%CI) b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sleep duration (hours/day) | ||||
| <8 | 404 (74.81) | 395 (68.22) | 1.44 (1.05, 1.98) | 1.44 (1.05, 1.99) |
| ≥8 and <9 | 82 (15.19) | 116 (20.04) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥9 | 54 (10.00) | 68 (11.74) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.88) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.95) |
| Night sleep duration (hours/day) | ||||
| <7.5 | 353 (65.37) | 380 (65.63) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.20) |
| ≥7.5 and <8.5 | 146 (27.04) | 155 (26.77) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥8.5 | 41 (7.59) | 44 (7.60) | 1.07 (0.66, 1.74) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.83) |
| Daytime napping duration (hours/day) | ||||
| No (0 h/day) | 223 (41.30) | 227 (39.21) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Yes (>0 h/day) | 317 (58.70) | 352 (60.79) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) |
| p for the change of every 30 min | 0.42 | 0.43 | ||
| Night bedtime (hour in 24-h format) | ||||
| Before 22:30 | 242 (44.81) | 263 (45.42) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| After 22:30 | 298 (55.19) | 316 (54.58) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.33) |
| p for the change of every 30 min | 0.47 | 0.53 | ||
| Wake-up time (hour in 24-h format) | ||||
| Before 6:30 | 254 (47.04) | 263 (45.42) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| After 6:30 | 286 (52.96) | 316 (54.58) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.25) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) |
| p for the change of every 30 min | 0.64 | 0.93 | ||
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Good (PSQI score ≤5) | 359 (66.48) | 424 (73.23) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Poor (PSQI score >5) | 181 (33.52) | 155 (26.77) | 1.33 (1.03, 1.72) | 1.35 (1.04, 1.77) |
| p for the change of every 1 score | 0.27 | 0.22 | ||
| Sleep pattern | ||||
| Early bed-early rise | 162 (30.00) | 166 (28.67) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Early bed-late rise | 80 (14.81) | 97 (16.75) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) |
| Late bed-early rise | 92 (17.04) | 97 (16.75) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.36) | 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) |
| Late bed-late rise | 206 (38.15) | 219 (37.83) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.42) |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PSQI, pittsburgh sleep quality index.
a
Model 1: Adjusted for age and body mass index.
b
Model 2: Adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, electronic product use, abstinence time, smoking, alcohol drinking, tea drinking, coffee drinking, educational level, annual family income, and rotating night shift work.
The bold values indicated statistical significance.