Table 2.

Results of ANOVA-Dunnett's test of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers.

Biomarkers	Research courses	Intervention modes (groups)
		No intervention (N = 17)	Walking (N = 16)	Vit. C (N = 24)	Walking + Vit. C (N = 20)
Serum ROS (ng/ml)%	Run 0	100.00 ± 34.86	85.31 ± 40.30	96.28 ± 34.64	82.33 ± 35.95
	Run 1	100.00 ± 21.53	66.31 ± 28.63##	84.60 ± 35.65	85.01 ± 27.43
	Run 2	100.00 ± 26.00	64.28 ± 28.50##	88.29 ± 28.68	74.28 ± 28.22#
Urine 8-OHdG (ng/mgCr)%	Run 0	100.00 ± 54.78	111.61 ± 47.08	110.75 ± 54.76	102.01 ± 57.31
	Run 1	100.00 ± 67.62	81.32 ± 39.91	71.77 ± 30.60**	56.93 ± 21.08**##
	Run 2	100.00 ± 27.82	92.66 ± 33.71	102.72 ± 27.99	102.55 ± 42.26
Serum TNF-α (pg/ml)%	Run 0	100.00 ± 22.84	87.08 ± 24.59	97.60 ± 22.29	91.79 ± 22.82
	Run 1	100.00 ± 18.00	84.39 ± 17.36	104.22 ± 20.12	100.62 ± 22.16
	Run 2	100.00 ± 27.22	93.90 ± 30.24	98.79 ± 23.39	85.30 ± 23.16
Serum IL-1β (pg/ml)%	Run 0	100.00 ± 43.17	97.01 ± 41.19	142.43 ± 67.97	132.91 ± 72.12
	Run 1	100.00 ± 30.60	90.01 ± 28.90	108.24 ± 28.67*	101.09 ± 33.65
	Run 2	100.00 ± 36.34	94.86 ± 37.10	97.64 ± 30.32**	84.09 ± 29.95**

Comparison of research courses: *: compared with Run 0, the difference is significant (p < 0.05);

^**: compared with Run 0; the difference is very significant (p < 0.01); Comparison of intervention modes:

^#: compared with no intervention group, the difference is significant (p < 0.05);

^##: compared with no intervention group, the difference is very significant (p < 0.01).