Table 4.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of neonates with culture-proven sepsis.
| Total (n = 683) | National general hospital (n = 373) | Maternal and child health care hospital (n = 245) | Regional general hospital (n = 65) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 384 (56.2) | 212 (56.8) | 139 (56.7) | 33 (50.8) | 0.648 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 36.5 ± 4.0 | 35.8 ± 4.1 | 37.7 ± 3.2 | 35.8 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Gestational age groups | |||||
| <28 weeks | 15 (2.2) | 11 (3.0) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| 28–31 weeks | 104 (15.3) | 73 (19.6) | 15 (6.1) | 16 (25.0) | |
| 32–36 weeks | 163 (24.0) | 104 (28.0) | 47 (19.3) | 12 (18.8) | |
| ≥37 weeks | 398 (58.5) | 184 (49.5) | 180 (73.8) | 34 (53.1) | |
| Birthweight, g | 2704 ± 901 | 2559 ± 941 | 2964 ± 772 | 2551 ± 908 | <0.001 |
| Birthweight groups | |||||
| <1,000 g | 15 (2.2) | 11 (2.9) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| 1,000–1,499 g | 80 (11.7) | 55 (14.7) | 13 (5.3) | 12 (18.8) | |
| 1,500–2,499 g | 154 (22.6) | 97 (26.0) | 42 (17.1) | 15 (23.4) | |
| ≥2,500 g | 433 (63.5) | 210 (56.3) | 188 (76.7) | 35 (54.7) | |
| SGA | 56 (8.2) | 39 (10.5) | 12 (4.9) | 5 (7.8) | 0.048 |
| Median postnatal age at sepsis onset, days | 5 (0–16) | 7 (2–18) | 3 (0–11) | 7 (2–14) | <0.001 |
| Patient source | |||||
| Obstetrics department of the same hospital | 378 (55.3) | 200 (53.6) | 141 (57.6) | 37 (56.9) | <0.001 |
| Transferred from other hospitals | 79 (11.6) | 68 (18.2) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (12.3) | |
| Community | 226 (33.1) | 105 (28.2) | 101 (41.2) | 20 (30.8) | |
| Infection type | |||||
| EOS | 286 (49.3) | 134 (42.1) | 124 (61.4) | 28 (46.7) | <0.001 |
| Hospital-acquired LOS | 147 (25.3) | 104 (32.7) | 23 (11.4) | 20 (33.3) | |
| Community-acquired LOS | 147 (25.3) | 80 (25.2) | 55 (27.2) | 12 (20.0) | |
| Pathogen** | |||||
| Gram-positive bacteria | 406 (59.4) | 210 (56.3) | 165 (67.3) | 31 (47.7) | 0.003 |
| CoNS | 278 (40.7) | 179 (48.0) | 84 (34.3) | 15 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| GBS | 58 (8.5) | 9 (2.4) | 41 (16.7) | 8 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Other Gram-positive bacteria | 75 (11.0) | 24 (6.4) | 43 (17.6) | 8 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Gram-negative bacteria | 251 (36.7) | 145 (38.9) | 78 (31.8) | 28 (43.1) | 0.111 |
| K. pneumoniae | 112 (16.4) | 97 (26.0) | 9 (3.7) | 6 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| E. coli | 103 (15.1) | 29 (7.8) | 55 (22.4) | 19 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Other Gram-negative bacteria | 40 (5.9) | 22 (5.9) | 15 (6.1) | 3 (4.6) | 0.971 |
| Candida species | 29 (4.2) | 26 (7.0) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay, days | 16 (13–27) | 20 (14–34) | 13 (11–16) | 21 (12–34) | <0.001 |
| Case fatality | 21 (3.1) | 12 (3.2) | 2 (0.8) | 7 (10.8) | 0.001 |
SGA, small for gestational age; EOS, early-onset sepsis; LOS, late-onset sepsis; CoNS, coagulase negative staphylococci; GBS, group B streptococci. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies (%), continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Percentages are based upon available data for each variable.
*
P value from χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and from ANOVA test or Kruskal–Wallis test for numerical variables.
**
All neonates experienced one episode of infection. Multiple organisms were isolated from the same episode in 3.8% (n = 26) of neonates.