Table 1.
A summary of some of the many vaccine candidates, animal models, the stage of the study and adjuvants used for immunization against bovine anaplasmosis.
| Molecule/gene | Putative function - | Feature | Localization | Stage of study | Adjuvant | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| msp-1α | Adhesin to red blood cells & tick epithelial cells | R-DNA | MSP | Immunization of mice and/or bovines | DNA | (83–85) |
| rMSP1a, rMSP1b, rMSP4, and rMSP5 |
Adhesion, molecular marker | R-proteins | MSP | Immunization of mice and/or bovines | ISCOM/and ISCOMATRIX | (86, 87) |
| Msp1a | Adhesin to RBC & Tick epithelial cells | R-proteins | MSP | Immunization of mice and/or bovines with nanotubes | Quil-A/SV-100 silica vesicles; Carbon nanotubes/Emulsigen® | (88, 89) |
| Ear implant & SC inoculation in yearlings | Quil A and Montanide/ISA201 | (90) | ||||
| Msp1b | Adhesin to RBC & Tick epithelial cells | R-proteins | MSP | Characterization/immunization of bovines | Saponin | (26) |
| msp1β | DNA-plasmid | Dextran and Quil-A/ Montanide ISA 61 VG | (91) | |||
| Msp2 &/or Msp3 | Immune response evasion/antigenic variants | R-proteins | MSP | Characterization/immunization of mice and/or bovines | Saponin | (24) |
| Msp4 | Molecular marker/Unknown function | R-proteins | MSP | Characterization/immunization of rabbits and bovines | ISCOM/ DNA | (87, 92, 93) |
| Msp5 | Immune response evasion | Plasmid-Vectored/recombinant Prime-booster-vaccine | MSP | Characterization/immunization of rabbits and bovines | DNA vaccine | (94) |
| msp5 | MSP | Characterization/immunization of mice | Titermax adjuvant | (95) | ||
| MSP2, MSP3, VirB9, &VirB10; OMP4, OMP9, Ef-Tu, Ana29, OMA87. | Dominant and subdominant antigens | R-proteins | MSP's, T4SS and other membrane proteins | Characterization/immune response | Saponin | (94) |
| rVirB9.1, rVirB9.2, rVirB10, rVirB11, and rEf-Tu | Dominant and subdominant antigens | R-proteins | T4SS | Characterization/immune response | Saponin | (40) |
| VirB2, VirB4-1, VirB4-2, VirB6-1, VirB7, VirB8-2, VirB9-1, VirB9-2, VirB10, VirB11, and VirD4 | Dominant and subdominant antigens | R-proteins | T4SS/Synthetic overlapping peptides & recombinant proteins | Characterization/immune response | TiterMax Gold; silica vesicles, SV-100; Quil-A | (88, 96–98) |
| OmpA | Adhesin/invasin | R-proteins | Outer membrane protein | Characterization/Immune response | – | (23, 99, 100) |
| Subdominant proteins | ||||||
| OMPs Am854 and Am779 | Unknown function | Genomic study | OMP's | Conservation of candidate proteins | – | (101) |
| AM854, AM936 | Mediate host cell invasion | R-proteins | OMP'S | Characterization/immune response | Saponin | (102) |
| AM779 | Unknown function | R-proteins | OMP's | Characterization/immune response | Saponin | (103) |
| AM1108, AM127, and AM216 | Unknown function/recombinant OMP's | R-proteins | OMP's | Characterization/immune response | – | (104) |
| Ana-29 | Unknown function /recombinant OMP's | R-proteins | OMP's | Characterization/immune response | Quil-a; Quil A, Montanide ISA 50V and DEAE dextran mix | (105) |
| Live, genetically modified organism | ||||||
| A. marginale | St. Maries- green-fluorescent protein expressing mutant | In vitro cultured | Live genetically modified organism | Characterization/immune response | Live agent | (106, 107) |
| A. marginale | Virginia-omp10:himar1 transposon mutant | In vitro cultured | Live genetically modified organism | Characterization/replication in bovines | Live agent | (108, 109) |
List of some of the most important efforts to produce vaccines based on new approaches including DNA vaccines, recombinant antigens, synthetic peptides etc.