Fig 3. Electrophysiological response of sensilla styloconica on the maxillary galea of Helicoverpa armigera larvae to coumarin.

(A) Representative responses and (B) spike frequencies of lateral and medial sensilla styloconica to coumarin and double distilled water (ddH₂O) at 10⁻³ M (n = 8). *** and ns indicate significant difference (p < 0.001) and no significant difference (p > 0.05), respectively (two-tailed independent samples t-test). (C) Representative responses of medial sensilla styloconica to coumarin at a series of concentrations. (D) Dose responses of medial sensilla styloconica to coumarin (n = 8–10). Different letters indicate significant difference (one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis with Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean ± SEM.