Table 1. Summary of human population studies of the metabolome and aging.

Year	First author	Region*	Participants†	Sample source	Technology	Analytes
2006	Kochhar	Europe	150	Urine and plasma	NMR	256 (urine) and 128 (plasma) variables
2007	Slupsky	North America	60	Urine	NMR	Binned spectra and 50 metabolites (targeted)
2008	Lawton	North America	269	Plasma	MS	>300 metabolites
2008	Psihogios	Europe	122	Urine	NMR	194 spectral regions
2009	Gu	North America	55	Urine	NMR	800 frequency bins
2011	Vaarhorst	Europe	2375	Serum	NMR and others	7 lipoprotein and other lipid-related measurements
2012	Yu	Europe	2904	Serum	MS	163 metabolites
2013	Menni	Europe	6942	Serum and plasma	MS	280 (serum) and 456 (plasma) metabolites
2013	Swann	Multiple	2005	Urine	NMR and MS	64,000 spectral variables (NMR)
2013	Collino	Europe	396	Serum and urine	NMR and MS	163 metabolites (MS), 63 eicosanoids (MS), and 12,000 spectral variables (NMR)
2014	Auro	Europe	26,065	Serum and plasma	NMR	135 metabolites
2014	Montoliu	Europe	294	Serum	NMR and MS	12,000 spectral variables (NMR) and 174 lipids (MS)
2014	Lee	East Asia	152	Plasma	MS	~2000 variables
2014	Saito	‡	60	Serum and plasma	MS	297 metabolites
2015	Thévenot	Europe	183	Urine	MS	170 metabolites
2015	Dunn	Europe	1200	Serum	MS	4584 metabolite features
2016	Jové	Europe	150	Plasma	MS	2678 metabolite features
2016	Chaleckis	East Asia	30	RBCs	MS	126 metabolites
2017	Rist	Europe	301	Plasma and urine	NMR and MS	442 (plasma) and 531 (urine) analytes
2019	Chak	Europe	976	Serum	MS	122 metabolites
2019	Darst	North America	1212	Plasma	MS	1097 metabolites
2019	Johnson	North America	635	Plasma	MS	360 metabolites
2020	Ahadi	North America	106	Plasma	MS	722 metabolites
2020	Bunning	North America	268	Plasma	MS	770 metabolites
2020	Robinson	Europe	4,383	Serum and urine	NMR and MS	28,941 metabolite features used in age prediction models
2020	Peters	Europe	87	CSF	MS	8036 metabolite features (untargeted) and 206 metabolites (targeted)
2020	van den Akker	Europe	23,590	Serum	NMR	62 metabolites analyzed of 226 metabolites available
2021	Hwangbo	North America	198	CSF	MS	7697 metabolite and 1070 lipid features
2021	Mallol	Multiple	316	Plasma	NMR	173 metabolite features
2021	Peters	Europe	41	CSF	MS	1841 metabolite features
2021	Teruya	East Asia	27	Saliva	MS	99 metabolites
2021	Carlsson	Europe	23	CSF	MS	70 metabolites
2022	Watanabe	East Asia	1193	Plasma	MS	94 metabolites
2022	Janssens	Europe	52	Muscle	MS	137 metabolites
2022	Verri Hernandes	Europe	6872	Serum	MS	175 metabolites
2022	Li	East Asia	117	Plasma	NMR	35 identified metabolites

*Refers to the study population.

†Includes replication samples when applicable.

‡Participants were described as “healthy Caucasian volunteers.”