Figure 1.

Experiment. A, Scanning protocol. T1-weighted structural image was acquired at the beginning of the MRI scan. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired before and after the task. MRSI data were acquired during the task. Four MRSI scans were acquired during performance of the visuomotor task with each MRSI scan lasting 9 min, total acquisition time 36 min. B, Behavioral data. Participants used a joystick to shoot targets on a screen. Participants began by performing 136 trials with no rotation imposed serving as the baseline in both conditions. In the rotation condition (red blocks), stepwise increase in rotated visual feedback required participants to adapt movements to reduce errors. One block at each angle and each block consisted of 40 trials of 4 s duration each. The numbers in the red and blue boxes indicate the degree to which the visual feedback was rotated, with 0° indicating no rotation. The imposed rotation reached a maximum of 80°, after which visual feedback was removed for four blocks of 40 trials each (blocks with crossed-out eye). In the control session (blue blocks), participants performed the task without any rotation imposed but for the same length (480 trials in total for the main task). The rotation was washed out after task (144 trials, no rotation). The task was practiced before the main task outside of the scanner (32 trials, no rotation; data not shown). Behavioral data are shown as angular error at each trial averaged across participants. Shaded area represents SEM. Rotation condition error is shown in red. Control condition error is shown in blue. Target sequence was fixed across participants and across sessions. C, Task schematic. Left, MR-compatible joystick used to record participant responses. Middle, Eight possible target locations (yellow) centered radially around the cursor (red) at its starting position. Right, Schematic of a rotation trial. Cursor (red) is first presented at the center starting position. Target (yellow) appears at one of the eight possible target locations. Participant makes a center-out movement toward the target but sees clockwise-rotated visual feedback.