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. 2022 Oct 19;610(7932):519–525. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Neanderthal (blue), early modern human (orange) and present-day gorilla (green) populations are coloured the same throughout the figure. Present-day human populations are coloured according to the geographical region (see colour key). a, The proportion of the genome that is in homozygous tracts longer than 10 cM (dark) and tracts between 2.5 and 10 cM (light colour) for ancient individuals (early modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans). b, Average proportion of the genome that is homozygous for Chagyrskaya Neanderthals, early modern humans (grouped together) and present-day human and gorilla populations³⁷. Data are mean ± 95% confidence intervals for the estimates of the mean. The sample size is equal to that of the mtDNA sequences listed below. c, Mean coalescence time for mtDNA (MT) and Y chromosome (left and right bars of each pair, respectively) for Neanderthal, early modern human and gorilla populations. d, Mean coalescence time for early modern humans (grouped together) and present-day human and gorilla populations. c,d, Data are mean ± 95% confidence intervals and points are all pairwise comparisons. The number of Y chromosome and mtDNA-genomes used in pairwise comparisons for each population is as follows: Neanderthal and Denisovan, Chagyrskaya (MT = 12, Y = 6), Vindija (MT = 4, Y = 0), Goyet (Neanderthal) (MT = 7, Y = 0); early modern humans, Sunghir (MT = 4, Y = 4), Věstonice (MT = 4, Y = 0), Goyet (MT = 5, Y = 0), Bacho Kiro (MT = 4, Y = 3), which combined is (MT = 17, Y = 7); gorillas, mountain gorilla (MT = 8, Y = 3), eastern lowland gorilla (MT = 7, Y = 2); Americas, Suruí (MT = 9, Y = 4), Karitiana (MT = 13, Y = 5), Pima (MT = 14, Y = 7), Colombian (MT = 8, Y = 2), Mayan (MT = 22, Y = 2); central South Asia, Balochi (MT = 25, Y = 24), Makrani (MT = 26, Y = 20), Pathan (MT = 25, Y = 19), Sindhi (MT = 25, Y = 20), Brahui (MT = 26, Y = 25); Europe, French (MT = 29, Y = 11), Basque (MT = 24, Y = 15), Adygei (MT = 17, Y = 7), Sardinian (MT = 29, Y = 15), Russian (MT = 26, Y = 16); East Asia, Lahu (MT = 9, Y = 7), Japanese (MT = 28, Y = 19), Yakut (MT = 26, Y = 18), Han (MT = 34, Y = 15), Naxi (MT = 9, Y = 6); Africa, Biaka (MT = 23, Y = 22), Mbuti (MT = 14, Y = 10), Yoruba (MT = 23, Y = 11), Mandinka (MT = 23, Y = 14), Bantu (Kenya) (MT = 12, Y = 10).

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