Table 4.
Univariate analysis and multivariable analysis of patient vital status at 30 days, 90 days and 12 months
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
| P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Factors associated with death at 30 days | ||||
| Income group | ||||
| High-income countries | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Upper-middle income countries | 0.090 | 2.48 (0.87 to 7.07) | 0.150 | 2.43 (0.72 to 8.15) |
| Lower-middle income countries | <0.001 | 8.36 (3.30 to 21.19) | <0.001 | 9.52 (3.46 to 26.20) |
| Low-income countries | <0.001 | 43.47 (13.64 to 138.52) | <0.001 | 39.79 (9.65 to 164.16) |
| Age (for every year older) | 0.858 | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | 1.0 | NA | NA |
| Male | 0.961 | 0.99 (0.61 to 1.60) | NA | NA |
| Weight (for every kg heavier) | 0.247 | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | NA | NA |
| American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade | ||||
| 1 | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.722 | 0.87 (0.39 to 1.92) | 0.471 | 0.72 (0.29 to 1.77) |
| 3 | 0.125 | 1.84 0.84 to 3.99) | 0.077 | 2.27 (0.91 to 5.64) |
| 4 | <0.001 | 13.69 (5.98 to 31.34) | <0.001 | 8.93 (3.34 to 23.85) |
| 5 | <0.001 | 55.08 (14.39 to 210.78) | <0.001 | 30.75 (4.70 to 200.98) |
| Tumour type | ||||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Ewing sarcoma | 0.708 | 0.68 (0.09 to 5.19) | 0.791 | 1.34 (0.15 to 11.65) |
| Glioma | 0.003 | 3.52 (1.56 to 7.97) | 0.106 | 2.55 (0.82 to 7.92) |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Medulloblastoma | <0.001 | 7.92 (3.71 to 16.90) | 0.001 | 6.33 (2.22 to 18.04) |
| Neuroblastoma | 0.044 | 2.56 (1.03 to 6.39) | 0.560 | 1.43 (0.43 to 4.81) |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 0.001 | 3.95 (1.69 to 9.22) | 0.047 | 3.12 (1.01 to 9.62) |
| Osteosarcoma | 0.657 | 0.63 (0.08 to 4.83) | 0.703 | 1.51 (0.18 to 12.80) |
| Retinoblastoma | 0.040 | 2.95 (1.05 to 8.30) | 0.563 | 1.54 (0.36 to 6.69) |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 0.044 | 2.89 (1.03 to 8.12) | 0.069 | 3.01 (0.92 to 9.89) |
| Wilms tumour | 0.764 | 1.19 (0.39 to 3.62) | 0.807 | 0.85 (0.24 to 3.07) |
| Treatment provided within 30 days | ||||
| Chemotherapy | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.32) | 0.002 | 0.35 (0.18 to 0.69) |
| Radiotherapy | 0.466 | 1.35 (0.60 to 3.00) | NA | NA |
| Immunotherapy | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Surgery | 0.644 | 0.84 (0.40 to 1.77) | NA | NA |
| Changes to treatment due to the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| Change to chemotherapy | 0.961 | 0.98 (0.44 to 2.17) | NA | NA |
| Change to radiotherapy | 0.149 | 2.42 (0.73 to 8.06) | NA | NA |
| Change to immunotherapy | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Change to surgery | 0.278 | 1.68 (0.66 to 4.27) | NA | NA |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection status | ||||
| Not suspected or detected | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Probable SARS-CoV-2 infection | <0.001 | 7.40 (2.70 to 20.25) | 0.002 | 8.40 (2.23 to 31.58) |
| Laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.071 | 3.05 (0.91 to 10.26) | 0.029 | 5.33 (1.19 to 23.84) |
| Factors associated with death at 90 days | ||||
| Income group | ||||
| High-income countries | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Upper-middle income countries | <0.001 | 5.43 (2.52 to 11.70) | <0.001 | 6.12 (2.71 to 13.81) |
| Lower-middle income countries | <0.001 | 7.42 (3.51 to 15.69) | <0.001 | 10.19 (4.52 to 22.97) |
| Low-income countries | <0.001 | 31.30 (11.07 to 88.50) | <0.001 | 23.94 (7.06 to 81.21) |
| Age (for every year older) | 0.870 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Male | 0.595 | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.32) | NA | NA |
| Weight (for every kg heavier) | 0.284 | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | NA | NA |
| American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade | ||||
| 1 | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.013 | 2.34 (1.20 to 4.55) | 0.021 | 2.32 (1.14 to 4.73) |
| 3 | 0.023 | 2.29 (1.12 to 4.67) | 0.002 | 3.36 (1.56 to 7.21) |
| 4 | <0.001 | 12.61 (5.60 to 28.40) | <0.001 | 9.59 (3.78 to 24.32) |
| 5 | <0.001 | 75.64 (16.71 to 342.28) | <0.001 | 29.39 (5.02 to 172.07) |
| Tumour type | ||||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Ewing sarcoma | 0.580 | 0.66 (0.16 to 2.83) | 0.519 | 1.65 (0.36 to 7.47) |
| Glioma | 0.015 | 2.31 (1.17 to 4.53) | 0.029 | 2.76 (1.11 to 6.86) |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Medulloblastoma | <0.001 | 5.30 (2.84 to 9.89) | <0.001 | 4.30 (1.92 to 9.65) |
| Neuroblastoma | 0.003 | 2.77 (1.43 to 5.36) | 0.002 | 3.37 (1.57 to 7.23) |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 0.013 | 2.48 (1.21 to 5.08) | 0.091 | 2.11 (0.89 to 5.02) |
| Osteosarcoma | 0.320 | 1.64 (0.62 to 4.34) | 0.042 | 3.04 (1.04 to 8.87) |
| Retinoblastoma | 0.183 | 1.85 (0.75 to 4.57) | 0.988 | 1.01 (0.32 to 3.13) |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 0.053 | 2.32 (0.99 to 5.47) | 0.087 | 2.30 (0.89 to 5.95) |
| Wilms tumour | 0.837 | 1.09 (0.47 to 2.53) | 0.911 | 1.05 (0.42 to 2.61) |
| Treatment provided within 90 days | ||||
| Chemotherapy | <0.001 | 0.26 (0.17 to 0.39) | 0.002 | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.73) |
| Radiotherapy | 0.642 | 0.86 (0.47 to 1.60) | NA | NA |
| Immunotherapy | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Surgery | 0.015 | 0.48 (0.27 to 0.87) | 0.001 | 0.32 (0.16 to 0.65) |
| Changes to treatment due to the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| Change to chemotherapy | 0.467 | 1.25 (0.69 to 2.27) | NA | NA |
| Change to radiotherapy | 0.026 | 3.02 (1.14 to 7.98) | 0.728 | 1.23 (0.39 to 3.90) |
| Change to immunotherapy | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Change to surgery | 0.059 | 2.00 (0.97 to 4.10) | NA | NA |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection status | ||||
| Not suspected or detected | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Probable SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.002 | 4.95 (1.80 to 13.60) | 0.018 | 3.90 (1.26 to 12.09) |
| Laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.403 | 1.67 (0.50 to 5.55) | 0.467 | 1.64 (0.43 to 6.28) |
| Factors associated with death at 12 months | ||||
| Income group | ||||
| High-income countries | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Upper-middle income countries | <0.001 | 2.22 (1.44 to 3.41) | <0.001 | 3.49 (2.02 to 6.03) |
| Lower-middle income countries | <0.001 | 2.78 (1.82 to 4.26) | <0.001 | 3.32(1.96 to 5.61) |
| Low-income countries | <0.001 | 6.58 (2.86 to 15.15) | <0.001 | 6.99 (2.49 to 19.68) |
| Age (for every year older) | 0.226 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | NA | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Male | 0.694 | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.43) | NA | NA |
| Weight (for every kg heavier) | 0.874 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | NA | NA |
| American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade | ||||
| 1 | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.632 | 1.11 (0.72 to 1.71) | 0.211 | 1.37 (0.83 to 2.26) |
| 3 | 0.044 | 1.62 (1.01 to 2.59) | <0.001 | 3.24 (1.81 to 5.79) |
| 4 | <0.001 | 5.34 (2.78 to 10.27) | <0.001 | 6.58 (3.03 to 14.26) |
| 5 | <0.001 | 26.72 (5.18 to 137.95) | 0.002 | 17.51 (2.87 to 106.80) |
| Tumour type | ||||
| Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Ewing sarcoma | 0.106 | 1.93 (0.87 to 4.28) | 0.133 | 2.01 (0.81 to 4.99) |
| Glioma | <0.001 | 3.71 (2.21 to 6.24) | 0.003 | 2.87 (1.45 to 5.70) |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 0.067 | 0.26 (0.06 to 1.10) | – | – |
| Medulloblastoma | <0.001 | 3.97 (2.30 to 6.86) | 0.040 | 2.12 (1.03 to 4.33) |
| Neuroblastoma | <0.001 | 3.42 (2.04 to 5.73) | <0.001 | 3.26 (1.80 to 5.90) |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 0.015 | 2.10 (1.16 to 3.83) | 0.224 | 1.58 (0.76 to 3.32) |
| Osteosarcoma | <0.001 | 3.69 (1.94 to 7.02) | <0.001 | 4.54 (2.18 to 9.47) |
| Retinoblastoma | 0.356 | 1.45 (0.66 to 3.17) | 0.724 | 0.84 (0.31 to 2.25) |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | <0.001 | 3.38 (1.75 to 6.50) | 0.054 | 2.18 (0.99 to 4.80) |
| Wilms tumour | 0.453 | 1.29 (0.67 to 2.48) | 0.942 | 1.03 (0.47 to 2.25) |
| Treatment provided within 30 days | ||||
| Chemotherapy | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.25 to 0.49) | 0.008 | 0.55 (0.36 to 0.86) |
| Radiotherapy | 0.002 | 2.03 (1.29 to 3.21) | 0.069 | 1.68 (0.96 to 2.94) |
| Immunotherapy | 0.036 | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.92) | 0.035 | 0.27 (0.08 to 0.91) |
| Surgery | 0.589 | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.40) | NA | NA |
| Treatment provided within 90 days | ||||
| Chemotherapy | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.23 to 0.45) | NA | NA (co-linearity) |
| Radiotherapy | 0.020 | 1.60 (1.08 to 2.37) | NA | NA (co-linearity) |
| Immunotherapy | 0.082 | 0.47 (0.20 to 1.10) | NA | NA |
| Surgery | 0.777 | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.38) | NA | NA |
| Changes to treatment due to the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| Change to chemotherapy | 0.555 | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.86) | NA | NA |
| Change to radiotherapy | 0.001 | 4.08 (1.84 to 9.03) | 0.403 | 1.50 (0.58 to 3.92) |
| Change to immunotherapy | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) | NA (no deaths) |
| Change to surgery | 0.343 | 1.38 (0.71 to 2.68) | NA | NA |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection status | ||||
| Not suspected or detected | Reference | 1.0 | Reference | 1.0 |
| Probable SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.033 | 2.84 (1.09 to 7.42) | 0.110 | 2.35 (0.82 to 6.72) |
| Laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.248 | 1.71 (0.69 to 4.21) | 0.449 | 1.51 (0.52 to 4.36) |