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. 2022 May 16;260(11):3405–3417. doi: 10.1007/s00417-022-05687-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Characteristics of pachychoroid diseases. An illustrative case: 53-year-old man with central serous chorioretinopathy. a Color fundus photograph shows a serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the macula. b and c Horizontal and vertical 12-mm B-mode ocular coherence tomography (OCT) images through the fovea show pachychoroid with dilated outer choroidal vessels (vortex veins) associated with the SRD. The central choroidal thickness is 361 mm. d En face OCT image (12 × 12 mm) shows dilated vortex veins in the deep layer of the choroid. The horizontal watershed is lost due to the anastomoses between the superior and inferior vortex veins. e OCT angiography (3 × 3 mm) shows a decreased flow signal of choriocapillaris in the macula. f and g Fluorescein angiography (early and late phases) shows dye leakage within the SRD area. h and i Indocyanine green angiography (early and late phases) shows dilated choroidal vessels with hyperpermeability (pachyvessels) between the papilla and macula. Reproduced with permission from reference 31