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. 2022 May 16;260(11):3405–3417. doi: 10.1007/s00417-022-05687-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — An illustrative case: images of an eye with pachychoroid neovasculopathy in a 54-year-old man. a The color fundus photograph shows a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormality in the macular area. b and c The 12-mm horizontal and vertical B-mode OCT images through the fovea show pachychoroid with dilated outer choroidal vessels (vortex veins). Dilated vortex veins are present between the papilla and subfovea in the horizontal B-mode OCT image. There is a shallow irregular RPE detachment accompanied by serous retinal detachment at the fovea. The central choroidal thickness is 386 µm. d En face OCT image (12 mm × 12 mm) showing dilated vortex veins in the deep layer of the choroid. Superior and inferior vortex veins are symmetrical. Venous anastomosis shows clustering in the peripapillary area. e OCT angiography (3 mm × 3 mm) demonstrates network vessels of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) between the detached RPE and Bruch’s membrane. CNV can be seen over the dilated anastomotic vessels. f and g Fluorescein angiography (early and late phases) shows window defects and some oozing in the macular area. h and i Indocyanine green angiography (early and late phases) shows findings raising suspicion of CNV at the fovea, as well as choroidal vascular hyperpermeability around the fovea. Reproduced with permission from reference 29