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. 2022 May 16;260(11):3405–3417. doi: 10.1007/s00417-022-05687-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 11 — An illustrative case: images of the right eye of an 84-year-old female with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. a The color fundus photograph shows retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachments associated with subretinal hemorrhage and serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the macular area. b The 12-mm horizontal B-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT) images through the fovea show dilated outer choroidal vessels (vortex veins) accompanied by RPE detachment and SRD. The central choroidal thickness is 281 µm. c Fluorescein angiography shows window defects and leakage in the macular area. d Indocyanine green angiography shows dilated choroidal vessels and a polypoidal lesion temporal to the fovea. e OCT angiography (3 mm × 3 mm) shows network vessels accompanied by a polypoidal lesion between the detached RPE and Bruch’s membrane. f En face OCT image shows dilated vortex veins in the deep layer of the choroid. The horizontal watershed has been lost due to anastomoses between the superior and inferior vortex veins. Reproduced with permission from reference 33