Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants by sex. If not otherwise stated, the results are reported as mean (SD).
| Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|
| n, (% of total) | 19 (43) | 25 (57) |
| Age, years | 58 (6.0) | 57 (7.3) |
| Anthropometrics | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.8 (4.7) | 32.5 (4.1) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 115.2 (13.2) | 108.4 (9.5) |
| Body fat % | 37.5 (7.8) | 48.1 (3.8)* |
| Liver fat content | ||
| MRS, fat fraction % | 5.1 (3.8) | 2.6 (3.0)* |
| MRI, fat fraction % | 11.9 (5.8) | 8.0 (3.9)* |
| Health measurements | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140 (14) | 146 (13) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 89 (9) | 89 (6) |
| Blood pressure medication, n (%) | 13 (68) | 9 (36) |
| Cholesterol medication, n (%) | 4 (21) | 4 (16) |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 67 (6) | 68 (10) |
| f-Glucose, mmol/l | 5.9 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.2) |
| f-Insulin, mU/l | 16.2 (9.4) | 10.4 (4.3)* |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 37.8 (2.5) | 36.8 (2.7) |
| HOMA-IR | 4.3 (2.7) | 2.7 (1.1)* |
| M-value, mg/kg/min | 2.9 (2.8) | 3.6 (2.1) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.7) |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.4 (0.7) | 4.9 (1.1) |
| HDL, mmol/l | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3)** |
| LDL, mmol/l | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.2 (1.0) |
| ALT, U/l | 36 (18) | 27 (12) |
| AST, U/l | 31 (12) | 23 (5)* |
| GGT, U/l | 34 (21) | 25 (17) |
| Accelerometry | ||
| Lying time, h/days | 1.9 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.5) |
| Sitting time, h/day | 8.3 (1.1) | 8.5 (1.0) |
| Sedentary time, h/day | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.9) |
| Sedentary time, % of daily wear time | 72 (7) | 68 (5)* |
| Accelerometry, days | 26 (2) | 27 (3) |
| Wear time, h/day | 14.3 (1.0) | 14.9 (0.8)* |
| Breaks in SB, time/day | 24 (5) | 32 (8)** |
| Standing, h/day | 1.5 (0.4) | 2.0 (0.5)*** |
| Standing, % of daily wear time | 10.1 (2.8) | 13.3 (3.2)** |
| Daily steps | 5194 (2134) | 4986 (1382) |
| LPA, h/day | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.3)* |
| LPA, % of daily wear time | 10.9 (3.2) | 12.7 (2.1)* |
| MVPA, h/day | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.2) |
| MVPA, % of daily wear time | 6.9 (2.7) | 6.2 (1.6) |
| PA, h/day | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.4) |
| PA, % of daily wear time | 17.8 (4.5) | 18.9 (2.7) |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | ||
| VO2max, ml/min/kg | 24.7 (5.6) | 21.3 (3.4)* |
| Nutrition | ||
| Total EI, kcal/day | 1884.0 (377.8) | 1742.5 (341.9) |
| Protein, % of daily EI | 17.9 (2.9) | 17.8 (2.8) |
| Carbohydrates, % of daily EI | 39.7 (7.8) | 40.7 (6.0) |
| Fat, % of daily EI | 38.8 (6.2) | 38.0 (5.2) |
| Alcohol, % of daily EI | 1.7 (3.5) | 1.4 (1.6) |
| SFA, % of daily EI | 14.5 (3.3) | 13.7 (2.4) |
| MUFA, % of daily EI | 13.5 (3.7) | 12.9 (2.0) |
| PUFA, % of daily EI | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.2) |
| Saccharose, % of daily EI | 7.3 (3.2) | 8.3 (4.2) |
ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, EI energy intake, GGT γ-glutamyltransferase, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c,, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, f fasting, LPA light physical activity, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, M-value whole-body insulin sensitivity, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity (LPA + MVPA), SB sedentary behaviour (sitting + lying), SFA saturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, VO2max maximal oxygen consumption.
Significant p-values; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs men. Sex difference in t-test (or Fisher’s exact test, when applicable).