Table 3:
Bacterial and fungal OTUs significantly associated with ADHD by age at time of stool sample.a
| OTU | Taxonomyb | Estimatec | p-value | FDR corrected p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| 1-month bacterial | ||||
| OTU_1685 | Dorea | −16.4 | 4.10E-06 | 5.24E-04 |
| OTU_68 | Pseudoramibacter_Eubacterium. | −11.9 | 1.17E-10 | 5.95E-08 |
| OTU_104 | Lachnospiraceae | −9.7 | 7.12E-04 | 2.27E-02 |
| OTU_806 | Lachnospiraceae | −7.6 | 4.33E-07 | 1.11E-04 |
| OTU_241 | Prevotella | −5.7 | 1.10E-05 | 6.04E-04 |
| OTU_152 | Veillonella | −4.8 | 9.37E-07 | 1.60E-04 |
| OTU_1347 | Megasphaera | 1.5 | 1.18E-05 | 6.04E-04 |
| OTU_130 | Clostridiaceae | 3.1 | 7.61E-04 | 2.29E-02 |
| OTU_45 | Lactococcus | 3.5 | 1.90E-04 | 6.93E-03 |
| OTU_1329 | Bacteroides | 3.5 | 1.50E-03 | 4.25E-02 |
| OTU_138 | Streptococcus | 3.7 | 2.81E-04 | 9.58E-03 |
| OTU_523 | Dorea | 4.2 | 1.16E-05 | 6.04E-04 |
| OTU_949 | Erysipelotrichaceae | 4.3 | 1.87E-04 | 6.93E-03 |
| OTU_509 | Dorea | 5.3 | 8.98E-06 | 6.04E-04 |
| OTU_391 | Akkermansia muciniphila | 6.8 | 3.69E-05 | 1.71E-03 |
| OTU_292 | Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii | 7.5 | 6.99E-06 | 5.98E-04 |
| OTU_242 | Comamonadaceae | 9.9 | 1.53E-04 | 6.50E-03 |
| OTU_1492 | Collinsella aerofaciens | 13.8 | 7.02E-06 | 5.98E-04 |
|
| ||||
| 6-months bacterial | ||||
|
| ||||
| OTU_57 | Lachnospiraceae | −8.8 | 2.51E-05 | 1.02E-03 |
| OTU_144 | Ruminococcus | −7.4 | 2.66E-04 | 6.33E-03 |
| OTU_1430 | Bacteroides | −5.7 | 1.88E-04 | 5.76E-03 |
| OTU_318 | Lachnospiraceae | −5.3 | 1.69E-03 | 2.62E-02 |
| OTU_533 | Lachnospiraceae | −4.9 | 4.02E-11 | 4.55E-09 |
| OTU_1563 | Enterococcus | −3.7 | 4.69E-07 | 2.90E-05 |
| OTU_1443 | Streptococcus | −3.5 | 2.06E-03 | 3.05E-02 |
| OTU_636 | Lachnospiraceae | −3.3 | 8.88E-04 | 1.66E-02 |
| OTU_128 | Ruminococcus gnavus | −2.2 | 8.19E-07 | 4.64E-05 |
| OTU_986 | Streptococcus | −2.2 | 2.29E-04 | 6.08E-03 |
| OTU_1134 | Enterococcus | −2.2 | 2.28E-03 | 3.30E-02 |
| OTU_437 | Enterococcaceae | −2.1 | 1.26E-05 | 6.12E-04 |
| OTU_360 | Peptostreptococcaceae | −2.1 | 2.70E-04 | 6.33E-03 |
| OTU_1604 | Enterococcaceae | −2.1 | 2.40E-03 | 3.33E-02 |
| OTU_1659 | Enterococcus | −2.1 | 2.51E-03 | 3.35E-02 |
| OTU_1278 | Enterococcus | −2 | 1.69E-03 | 2.62E-02 |
| OTU_923 | Enterococcus | −1.9 | 2.04E-04 | 5.78E-03 |
| OTU_772 | Enterococcus | −1.9 | 2.64E-04 | 6.33E-03 |
| OTU_1238 | Lactobacillales | −1.9 | 1.56E-03 | 2.55E-02 |
| OTU_157 | Clostridiales | −1.8 | 2.32E-05 | 1.02E-03 |
| OTU_1149 | Enterobacteriaceae | −1.7 | 9.05E-04 | 1.66E-02 |
| OTU_395 | Bifidobacterium | −1.7 | 2.47E-03 | 3.35E-02 |
| OTU_37 | Staphylococcus | −1.6 | 6.97E-04 | 1.39E-02 |
| OTU_41 | Ruminococcus | −1.5 | 3.95E-04 | 8.95E-03 |
| OTU_1161 | Enterococcaceae | −1.5 | 1.45E-03 | 2.47E-02 |
| OTU_950 | Ruminococcus gnavus | −1.5 | 2.65E-03 | 3.47E-02 |
| OTU_208 | Erysipelotrichaceae | −1.4 | 2.01E-03 | 3.03E-02 |
| OTU_9 | Enterococcus | −1.3 | 7.21E-04 | 1.40E-02 |
| OTU_77 | Coprobacillus | −1.2 | 1.57E-03 | 2.55E-02 |
| OTU_1067 | Clostridiales | 1.1 | 1.16E-03 | 2.06E-02 |
| OTU_1540 | Enterobacteriaceae | 1.3 | 5.35E-04 | 1.10E-02 |
| OTU_810 | Serratia marcescens | 1.6 | 4.78E-06 | 2.50E-04 |
| OTU_756 | Dorea | 1.7 | 3.06E-03 | 3.78E-02 |
| OTU_781 | Streptococcus | 1.9 | 5.09E-04 | 1.08E-02 |
| OTU_883 | Blautia | 2.4 | 4.28E-04 | 9.39E-03 |
| OTU_1343 | Peptostreptococcaceae | 2.7 | 1.64E-09 | 1.60E-07 |
| OTU_1411 | Clostridiales | 3.5 | 3.81E-15 | 5.18E-13 |
| OTU_1089 | Clostridiales | 3.6 | 2.76E-03 | 3.55E-02 |
| OTU_791 | Lachnospiraceae | 3.8 | 1.52E-04 | 4.92E-03 |
| OTU_167 | Lachnospiraceae | 3.8 | 1.95E-04 | 5.76E-03 |
| OTU_1587 | Lachnospiraceae | 3.8 | 2.35E-03 | 3.32E-02 |
| OTU_356 | Lachnospiraceae | 4 | 2.47E-07 | 1.68E-05 |
| OTU_520 | Ruminococcus | 4 | 2.88E-03 | 3.63E-02 |
| OTU_1259 | Ruminococcaceae | 4.9 | 2.54E-05 | 1.02E-03 |
| OTU_429 | Peptoniphilus | 5.3 | 9.09E-05 | 3.09E-03 |
| OTU_189 | Lachnospiraceae | 5.5 | 8.08E-05 | 2.89E-03 |
| OTU_1490 | Dialister | 5.7 | 1.18E-03 | 2.06E-02 |
| OTU_410 | Ruminococcaceae | 5.8 | 3.10E-15 | 5.18E-13 |
| OTU_76 | Erysipelotrichaceae | 6.4 | 4.00E-29 | 1.36E-26 |
| OTU_82 | Dorea | 8.4 | 5.58E-05 | 2.11E-03 |
| OTU_47 | Bacteroides | 10.7 | 2.33E-04 | 6.08E-03 |
|
| ||||
| 1-month fungal | ||||
|
| ||||
| OTU_7 | Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | −4.4 | 4.81E-04 | 1.25E-02 |
| OTU_411 | Candida orthopsilosis | −8.8 | 1.13E-03 | 1.47E-02 |
| OTU_13 | Malassezia globosa | −1.9 | 2.05E-03 | 1.78E-02 |
|
| ||||
| 6-months fungal | ||||
|
| ||||
| OTU_1093 | Candida | −3.5 | 1.93E-05 | 3.09E-04 |
| OTU_1375 | Saccharomyces | −3.1 | 1.87E-04 | 1.50E-03 |
| OTU_9 | Trichosporon | 11.0 | 6.38E-03 | 3.40E-02 |
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; FDR, false discovery rate; OTU, operational taxonomic units.
a
No overlapping OTUs in 1- and 6-month samples.
b
Most specific taxonomic rank available is noted.
c
Estimate from zero-inflated negative binomial or standard negative binomial model, after adjusting for exact age at stool sample collection, maternal body mass index, prenatal antifungal use, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child sex, mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, parity, and breastfeeding status. Interpreted as the difference in the log OTU abundance, comparing children with ADHD to neurotypical children (i.e., positive values imply higher abundance in children with ADHD, while negative values imply lower abundance in children with ADHD).