TABLE 3.

Feature regions with significant abnormal aging for prodromal AD (sMCI vs. pMCI) and PD (HC vs. prodromal PD) detected by the brain age vector

	69 sMCI vs. 64 pMCI					171 HC vs. 174 prodromal PD
	Feature regions	p value	Effect size (d)	95% CI	Power	Feature regions	p Value	Effect size (d)	95% CI	Power
Temporal lobe	Parahippocampal (lh)	.012*	−0.807‐	(−1.161, −0.454)	0.996
	Inferior temporal (rh)	.012*	0.671	(0.321, 1.020)	0.970
	Entorhinal (rh)	.012*	−0.620	(−0.968, −0.272)	0.944
	Middle temporal (lh)	.012*	0.607	(0.259, 0.953)	0.935
	Entorhinal (lh)	.012*	0.760	(0.408, 1.112)	0.992
	Fusiform (lh)	.037*	0.494	(0.149, 0.840)	0.807
	Parahippocampal (rh)	.048*	−0.475	(−0.819, −0.130)	0.775
Frontal lobe	Superior frontal (lh)	.037*	0.502	(0.156, 0.847)	0.819
Parietal lobe	Inferior parietal (lh)	.012*	0.599	(0.252, 0.947)	0.929
Insula	Insula (lh)	.032*	−0.529	(−0.875, −0.183)	0.857
	Insula (rh)	.037*	−0.493	(−0.839, −0.148)	0.805
Cingulate gyrus						Rostral anterior cingulate (lh)	.049*	0.328	(0.115, 0.540)	0.859
Subcortical	Amygdala (rh)	.012*	−0.904	(−1.261, −0.547)	0.999	Caudate (rh)	.045*	−0.338	(−0.551, −0.126)	0.879
	Inferior lateral ventricle (rh)	.012*	0.649	(0.300, 0.998)	0.960	Pallidum (lh)	.045*	0.360	(0.147, 0.573)	0.915
	Hippocampus (lh)	.037*	0.494	(0.149, 0.839)	0.807	Pallidum (rh)	.045*	0.347	(0.134, 0.560)	0.895
	Inferior lateral ventricle (lh)	.037*	0.506	(0.161, 0.852)	0.825	CSF	.045*	−0.374	(−0.587, −0.161)	0.934
Occipital lobe

Note: The p values are significant of p < .05 (FDR corrected for Tukey HSD test). The effect size refers to the Cohen's d effect size, and the significant level for statistical power was set to 0.05. *, p < .05; **, p < .01; ***, p < .001.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDR, false discovery rate; lh, left hemisphere; rh, right hemisphere.