TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants according to age tertiles (n = 4,163).
| Young (n = 1,396) |
Middle age (n = 1,386) |
Old (n = 1,381) |
P-value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 40.6 (34.9–46.0) | 51.3 (46.1–57.7) | 63.6 (57.8–75.4) | <0.001 |
| Gender (men) | 686 (49.2%) | 618 (44.6%) | 558 (40.4%) | <0.001 |
| Education level - High - Medium - Low |
365 (26.2%) 385 (27.6%) 646 (46.3%) |
297 (21.4%) 354 (25.5%) 735 (53.0%) |
191 (13.8%) 339 (24.6%) 851 (61.6%) |
<0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 4.1 | 25.4 ± 4.4 | 26.3 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Hypertensiona | 182 (13.0%) | 385 (27.8%) | 760 (55.0%) | <0.001 |
| Office BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 154 (11.0%) | 301 (21.7%) | 572 (41.4%) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive drug | 54 (3.8%) | 169 (12.1%) | 410 (29.8%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 16 (1.1%) | 59 (4.3%) | 134 (9.7%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 25 (1.8%) | 104 (7.5%) | 283 (20.5%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 411 (29.4%) | 366 (26.4%) | 256 (18.5%) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication | ||||
| ACE/ARB | 33 (2.3%) | 123 (8.8%) | 309 (22.3%) | <0.001 |
| CCB | 7 (0.5%) | 32 (2.3%) | 99 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 12 (0.8%) | 55 (3.9%) | 145 (10.5%) | <0.001 |
| BB | 23 (1.6%) | 61 (4.4%) | 167 (12.0%) | <0.001 |
| Other | 12 (0.8%) | 15 (1.0%) | 53 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 79.1 ± 14.1 | 80.3 ± 22.1 | 81.1 ± 28.5 | 0.09 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 94.0 ± 13.3 | 86.4 ± 12.8 | 77.2 ± 12.7 | <0.001 |
| Prevalent CKD | 8 (0.6%) | 30 (2.2%) | 118 (8.5%) | <0.001 |
| Incident CKD | 9 (0.6%) | 57 (4.1%) | 236 (17.1%) | <0.001 |
| KFD (ml/min/1.73 m2/year) | −0.43 ± 1.03 | −0.39 ± 1.05 | −0.66 ± 1.15 | <0.001 |
| Rapid KFD | 13 (0.9%) | 20 (1.4%) | 48 (3.5%) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (umol/L) | 295 ± 79 | 304 ± 82 | 324 ± 83 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | <0.001 |
| ACR (mg/g) | 4.3 (3.1–7.1) | 4.8 (3.3–8.0) | 5.8 (3.8–10.7) | <0.001 |
| ACR ≥ 30 mg/g | 56 (4.1%) | 61 (4.5%) | 97 (7.2%) | 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; KFD, kidney function decline; CRP, C-reactive protein; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio.
aDefined as the use of anti-hypertensive drug or a mean systolic/diastolic BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg on office measurement. Bold values indicate p < 0.05.