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. 2022 Oct 6;13:1015128. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015128

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Copyright © 2022 Ye, Yang, Yang and Xia

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The biological function of C1s, related diseases and its application in diagnosis and treatment. 1. Biological functions of C1s; 2. C1s related diseases; 3. Application of C1s as a target in disease diagnosis and treatment. AMD: age-related macular degeneration; AMR: antibody-mediated rejection; APOM: acute pneumococcal otitis media; BP: bullous pemphigoid; CAD: cold agglutinin disease; CDIP: chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; cScc: cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells; C1INH: C1 esterase inhibitors; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; HAE: hereditary angioedema; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HMGB1:high-mobility group box 1; IGFBP5: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5; ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; LRP: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; MAC: membrane attacking complex; MHC1: Major histocompatibility complex 1; NCL: nucleolin; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NPM1: nucleophosmin 1; pEDS: periodontal ehlers-danlos syndrome; PNH: paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; Rcc: renal cell carcinoma; ROM: recurrent otitis media; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WAIHA: warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.