. 2022 Oct 6;16:980350. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.980350

TABLE 2.

Relative frequencies (%) of behaviors of sows and piglets preceding the first three suckling acts after the end of the deprivation procedure.

	Treatment group		P-values (F-test)
Behavior	Deprivation	Control	Treatment
Lying down	96.00 ± 22.44	94.48 ± 30.5	0.557
Piglet contact	26.54 ± 3.86	31.33 ± 4.22	0.403
Grunting	44.65 ± 4.84	58.12 ± 5.22	0.083
Piglet calling	59.65 ± 4.79^a	43.46 ± 5.28^b	< 0.05

Lying down (sow showed controlled lying down behavior), piglet contact (sow responded to piglets near her head with contact/sniffing), grunting (the sow initiated suckling by calling), piglet calling (piglets initiated suckling by calling). Results are given as LSM ± SE and p-values of the F-test. Within a row, significant differences are indicated by different letters (^a,bp < 0.05; Tukey-Kramer test; n = 231 observations per group).