Vascular formation was accelerated in rats with prevascularized macroporous β-TCP scaffolds in thesegmental tibial bone defect (A–C) Representative and quantitative analysis of CD31-, CD34-, and VEGF-A-immunostained sections from rats implanted with a blank or prevascularized b-TCP scaffold. The rats underwent consolidation for 8 weeks. Scale bars, 200 μm n = 3 in each group. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (D) Representative micro-CT images of the vessel network within regenerating bone in rats with a tibia bone defect at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after implantation with a blank or prevascularized b-TCP scaffold. Scale bars, 1 mm. Two-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine significant differences among groups. n = 3 in each group. ∗∗∗p < 0.001 for the vascularization group vs the blank group in each week; #p < 0.05 and ###p < 0.001 for 4, 6, and 8 weeks vs 2 week in each group.