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. 2022 Oct 6;16:956315. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.956315

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Copyright © 2022 Soleimani, Towhidkhah, Oghabian and Ekhtiari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Task-modulated (cue reactivity) connectivity analysis. First row: Significant results of the seed-to-whole brain gPPI analysis results with PFC seeds (time × intervention interaction): The PFC nodes in ECN, DMN, and VAN were used separately for the seed-to-whole brain gPPI analysis. Voxel-level threshold: P uncorrected < 0.01 and cluster level threshold: P FDR corrected < 0.05. No significant seed to whole-brain gPPI results were found with the VAN PFC node as a seed. Significant clusters with PFC nodes in ECN and DMN are depicted. (A1) Significant cluster (located in the visual and the precuneus cortex with 515 voxels and (6, –48, –12) peak coordinate in MNI space) in gPPI analysis with PFC node in ECN. Time × intervention interaction showed increased task-based connectivity in the active tDCS compared to sham (a2). Significant cluster (located in parietal cortex with 480 voxels and (–48, –60, 46) peak coordinate in MNI space) in gPPI analysis with PFC node in DMN. Time × intervention interaction showed decreased task-based connectivity in the active condition compared to sham. (B1,B2). Significant gPPI clusters with respect to the large-scale network topology in the Yeo atlas. (C1,C2). Connectivity changes from before to after tDCS. Connectivity changes (Mean ± SE) from the first scan (pre-tDCS) to the second scan (post-tDCS) between ECN PFC node and gPPI active cluster (green cluster) (left panel) as well as between DMN PFC node and gPPI active cluster (blue cluster) (right panel) are depicted for both active (in red) and sham (in blue) stimulation conditions. Axial slices are shown in neurological convention. EF, electric field; gPPI, generalized psychophysiological interaction; ECN, frontoparietal network; DMN, default mode network; VAN, ventral attention network. SE, standard error.