TABLE 1:
Tabulation of results of ciliary force estimation.
| Parameter | WT | disA-1 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average power stroke force, pN | 1.41 ± 0.60 | 1.16 ± 0.79 | 0.07 |
| Maximum power stroke force, pN | 2.70 ± 0.88 | 2.11 ± 1.19 | 0.001 |
| Average recovery stroke force, pN | –1.05 ± 0.34 | –1.13 ± 0.40 | 0.73 |
| Maximum recovery stroke force, pN | –1.51 ± 0.51 | –1.68 ± 0.56 | 0.15 |
| Average power stroke sweep rate, °/ms | 6.62 ± 2.72 | 5.20 ± 2.88 | 0.04 |
| Maximum power stroke sweep rate, °/ms | 10.69 ± 4.18 | 7.74 ± 4.00 | 0.002 |
| Average recovery stroke sweep rate, °/ms | 5.83 ± 1.94 | 6.37 ± 2.28 | 0.31 |
| Maximum recovery stroke sweep rate, °/ms | 7.60 ± 2.02 | 9.13 ± 3.11 | 0.008 |
| Average power stroke basal moment, pN·μm | 2.86 ± 0.87 | 1.93 ± 1.44 | 0.00003 |
| Maximum power stroke basal moment, pN·μm | 10.58 ± 3.16 | 8.37 ± 5.05 | 0.0005 |
| Average recovery stroke basal moment, pN·μm | 1.13 ± 0.59 | 1.36 ± 0.72 | 0.16 |
| Maximum recovery stroke basal moment, pN·μm | 4.90 ± 1.98 | 5.10 ± 1.93 | 0.44 |
| Average power stroke power, aW | 870 ± 600 | 690 ± 640 | 0.02 |
| Average recovery stroke power, aW | 420 ± 220 | 500 ± 310 | 0.27 |
| Swimming speed, μm/s | 272 | 123 | — |
| Body force/cilium, pN | –0.26 | –0.12 | — |
Ciliary forces were estimated from manual traces using previously described resistive force coefficients (CN = 1.53μ, CT = 0.64μ; Bayly et al., 2011). The viscosity of water, μ, applied in analysis was 0.889 cP at 25°C. All average values for ciliary quantities were calculated by averaging values within the mean sweep angle range for each traced ciliary beat stroke (54 total beat strokes each in four data sets) and then calculating the average and SD of the average quantities. Maximum values were calculated by taking the maximum value for each stroke within the mean sweep angle range and then calculating the average and SD for the maximum quantities. All force values integrate forces in the AP axis direction over the length of the cilium trace. Sweep rates are calculated by numerically differentiating the angle from the base of the cilium trace to 4.5 μm up from the cilium with respect to time. Calculation of basal moments and power is described in Materials and Methods, Ciliary force estimation. WT and disA-1 swim speeds (Galati et al., 2014) were used to estimate viscous drag forces on the Tetrahymena cell body using previously described methods (Chwang and Wu, 1975; Bayly et al., 2011).