Table 1. Postoperative Prophylaxis Use, Surgical Site Infection Rates, and Relative Contribution to the Study Cohort Associated With Nonemergent Pediatric Surgical Procedure Groups.
| Specialty | Procedure group | No. (%)a | Hospital median procedure volume (IQR) | Any SSI, % | Any postoperative prophylaxis, % | Postoperative prophylaxis >24 h, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General surgery | Gastrostomy | 2475 (6.1) | 25 (10-41) | 3.8 | 10.3 | 2.0 |
| Pyloromyotomy | 1828 (4.5) | 19 (10-27) | 1.5 | 4.6 | 0.8 | |
| Cholecystectomy | 1319 (3.2) | 14 (7-19) | 0.9 | 5.5 | 1.7 | |
| Pectus | 764 (1.9) | 6 (3-14) | 1.8 | 62.4 | 21.6 | |
| Gastrostomy closure | 713 (1.8) | 7 (3-12) | 4.4 | 5.0 | 1.2 | |
| Gastroesophageal reflux | 527 (1.3) | 5 (3-8) | 3.2 | 14.0 | 3.8 | |
| Thoracic-lung resection | 463 (1.1) | 5 (3-8) | 1.9 | 17.9 | 8.1 | |
| Small bowel | 391 (1) | 4 (3-7) | 5.4 | 44.7 | 20.1 | |
| Colorectal-other | 383 (0.9) | 4 (2-6) | 6.5 | 39.5 | 13.9 | |
| Colorectal-colostomy | 276 (0.7) | 3 (1-5) | 6.9 | 44.7 | 15.3 | |
| Ovary-adnexa | 246 (0.6) | 3 (1-5) | 1.6 | 5.9 | 3.2 | |
| Colorectal-anorectal malformation | 244 (0.6) | 3 (1-5) | 1.2 | 66.1 | 36.0 | |
| Thyroid | 136 (0.3) | 3 (2-5) | 0.0 | 16.2 | 5.9 | |
| Colorectal-pullthrough | 133 (0.3) | 2 (1-3) | 5.3 | 79.2 | 33.2 | |
| Esophagus nonreflux | 124 (0.3) | 2 (1-3) | 11.3 | 56.0 | 20.9 | |
| Orthopedic surgery | Lower extremity | 3850 (9.5) | 38.5 (21-52) | 1.3 | 43.8 | 3.5 |
| Elbow | 2960 (7.3) | 22 (8-46) | 0.7 | 10.3 | 0.5 | |
| Hip | 1367 (3.4) | 14 (6-23) | 1.2 | 84.6 | 14.6 | |
| Foot | 554 (1.4) | 4 (2-9) | 0.7 | 45.8 | 3.0 | |
| Spine | 163 (0.4) | 3 (1-6) | 1.2 | 60.1 | 11.0 | |
| Hand | 160 (0.4) | 3 (1-4) | 3.8 | 2.9 | 0.7 | |
| ENT surgery | Endoscopic airway | 1332 (3.3) | 10 (3-21) | 0.5 | 23.1 | 8.7 |
| Tympanoplasty | 1112 (2.7) | 9 (3-27) | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.9 | |
| Cochlear implant | 1052 (2.6) | 13 (5-21) | 1.4 | 14.6 | 1.1 | |
| Mastoid | 766 (1.9) | 8 (4-13) | 3.3 | 3.9 | 0.3 | |
| Tracheostomy | 207 (0.5) | 3 (1-5) | 17.9 | 8.9 | 0.8 | |
| ENT-salivary | 152 (0.4) | 2 (1-3) | 2.0 | 25.2 | 7.9 | |
| Multispecialty ENT and plastic surgery | Cleft palate | 1270 (3.1) | 12 (7-20) | 0.1 | 42.6 | 7.1 |
| Cleft lip | 1069 (2.6) | 12 (6-17) | 0.7 | 30.3 | 2.8 | |
| Rhinoplasty-nasal | 957 (2.4) | 10 (5-16) | 0.4 | 14.8 | 2.9 | |
| Cleft alveolar bone graft | 631 (1.6) | 8.5 (3.5-15.5) | 0.5 | 42.3 | 4.0 | |
| Pharyngeal | 237 (0.6) | 3 (1-5) | 0.8 | 31.1 | 7.1 | |
| Facial cartilage graft | 116 (0.3) | 2 (1-3) | 6.0 | 41.2 | 24.3 | |
| Neurosurgery | Neurosurgery (no foreign body) | 2003 (4.9) | 18.5 (9-30) | 2.2 | 75.3 | 12.4 |
| Neurosurgery (foreign body) | 1644 (4) | 18 (8-30) | 2.1 | 65.8 | 7.4 | |
| Multispecialty neurosurgery and orthopedics | Spine-idiopathic | 2318 (5.7) | 25 (14-40) | 0.7 | 93.4 | 32.1 |
| Spine-neuromuscular | 550 (1.4) | 5 (2-11) | 5.3 | 90.0 | 33.4 | |
| Spine-other | 469 (1.2) | 5 (2-9) | 2.1 | 92.9 | 35.0 | |
| Urology | Urinary reflux | 1122 (2.8) | 11 (7-17) | 0.4 | 70.9 | 15.1 |
| Ureteral reconstruction | 1051 (2.6) | 11 (6-18) | 0.8 | 71.2 | 10.8 | |
| Urology-other | 710 (1.7) | 7 (3-12) | 1.3 | 17.5 | 6.0 | |
| Urinary diversion | 164 (0.4) | 2 (2-4) | 4.3 | 37.9 | 5.8 | |
| Multispecialty general surgery and urology | Testicular | 817 (2) | 10 (4-14) | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Nephrectomy | 218 (0.5) | 3 (2-5) | 0.9 | 62.2 | 11.7 | |
| Plastic surgery | Plastics-craniomaxillofacial | 332 (0.8) | 4 (2-6) | 2.7 | 71.4 | 31.6 |
| Plastics-breast | 217 (0.5) | 3 (1-6) | 2.8 | 15.1 | 1.4 |
Abbreviations: ENT, ear, nose, and throat; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Data are presented for procedure groups with more than 100 patients.