Table 2. Patient Characteristics of Seriously Ill Sample Stratified by GOC Completion.
| Variable | No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 486) | GOC completion (n = 486) | |||
| Incomplete (n = 362) | Complete (n = 124) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.9 (21.3) | 56.9 (20.2) | 72.8 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 328 (67.5) | 252 (69.6) | 76 (61.3) | .09 |
| Female | 158 (32.5) | 110 (30.4) | 48 (38.7) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American or Black | 41 (8.4) | 27 (7.5) | 14 (11.3) | .06 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 24 (4.9) | 19 (5.2) | 5 (4.0) | |
| White | 266 (54.7) | 191 (52.8) | 75 (60.4) | |
| Othera | 128 (26.3) | 106 (29.3) | 21 (16.9) | |
| Unknown or not reported | 27 (5.6) | 19 (5.2) | 9 (7.3) | |
| Ethnicity Hispanic or Latino | 71 (14.6) | 57 (15.7) | 14 (11.3) | .36 |
| Non-English, preferred language | 34 (7.0) | 24 (6.6) | 10 (8.1) | .59 |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Penetrating (firearm, cut, or pierce) | 52 (10.7) | 48 (13.3) | 4 (3.2) | <.001 |
| Fall | 253 (52.1) | 165 (45.6) | 88 (71.0) | |
| Motor vehicle traffic (occupant, motorcyclist, pedal cyclist, or pedestrian) | 147 (30.3) | 120 (33.2) | 27 (21.8) | |
| Other blunt injury | 34 (7.0) | 29 (8.0) | 5 (4.0) | |
| ISS, mean (SD) | 16.9 (12.3) | 16.3 (10.7) | 18.4 (16.1) | .97 |
| Mechanical ventilation present | 124 (25.5) | 81 (22.4) | 43 (34.7) | .007 |
| Presence of serious illness | ||||
| ASA class IV or V | 110 (22.6) | 70 (19.3) | 40 (32.3) | .003 |
| Vulnerable elderly adult | 156 (32.1) | 87 (24.0) | 69 (55.6) | <.001 |
| Aged >84 y | 75 (15.4) | 34 (9.4) | 41 (33.1) | <.001 |
| Aged >64 y with disability | 81 (16.7) | 53 (14.6) | 28 (22.6) | .04 |
| Disseminated cancer | 13 (2.7) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (6.5) | .006 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 68 (14.0) | 42 (11.6) | 26 (21.0) | .01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 58 (11.9) | 32 (8.8) | 26 (21.0) | <.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 26 (5.3) | 19 (5.2) | 7 (5.6) | .87 |
| End-stage kidney disease | 12 (2.5) | 9 (2.5) | 3 (2.4) | >.99 |
| Dementia | 56 (11.5) | 22 (6.1) | 34 (27.4) | <.001 |
| Frailty | 193 (39.7) | 126 (34.8) | 67 (54.0) | <.001 |
| Critical trauma | 341 (70.2) | 249 (68.8) | 92 (74.2) | .26 |
| Severe traumatic brain injury | 170 (35.0) | 125 (34.5) | 45 (36.3) | .72 |
| AIS score ≥3 | 170 (35.0) | 125 (34.5) | 45 (36.3) | .72 |
| GCS score 3-8 | 17 (3.5) | 3 (0.8) | 14 (11.3) | <.001 |
| Critical injury | 293 (60.3) | 209 (57.7) | 84 (67.7) | .05 |
| ISS >25 | 91 (18.7) | 65 (18.0) | 26 (21.0) | .46 |
| ICU length of stay >24 h | 280 (57.6) | 196 (54.1) | 84 (67.7) | .008 |
| Admitted from skilled nursing facility | 11 (2.3) | 7 (1.9) | 4 (3.2) | .48 |
| ≥2 Indicators of serious illness | 292 (60.1) | 184 (50.8) | 108 (87.1) | <.001 |
| Palliative care consultation | 51 (10.5) | 4 (1.1) | 47 (37.9) | <.001 |
| Prior advance care planning document | 58 (11.9) | 33 (9.1) | 25 (20.2) | .001 |
| DNR code status | 56 (11.5) | 3 (0.8) | 53 (42.7) | <.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR), d | 7 (4-12) | 6 (4-10) | 10 (5-18) | <.001 |
| Discharge disposition | ||||
| Home | 224 (46.1) | 193 (53.3) | 31 (25.0) | <.001 |
| Nonhome facility | 196 (40.3) | 132 (36.5) | 64 (51.6) | |
| Died | 24 (4.9) | 2 (0.6) | 22 (17.7) | |
| Other | 42 (8.6) | 35 (9.7) | 7 (5.6) | |
Abbreviations: DNR, do not resuscitate; GOC, goals of care. Other abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1.
a
Other included American Indian or those specified as “other race” in line with the National Trauma Database’s element values for race.13